Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pediatric CNS Tumors pp 67–87Cite as

Ependymoma

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

Ependymomas are gliomas that appear to originate from the lineage of cells that give rise to the differentiated ependymal cell layer lining the ventricular system and central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas comprise approximately 9% of all brain tumors in patients under 20 years of age, and are the third most common primary brain tumor in children (following astrocytomas and primitive neuroectoder-mal tumors). Data from the SEER group (Surveillance, Spidemiology, and End Results) suggest that the annual incidence of ependymoma is 2.6 per million for the 0–14 age group, and 2.2 per million for the 0–20 age group (Linet et al. 1999; Ries et al. 1999). The Connecticut Tumor Registry reports that between 1935 and 1973, 5 spinal cord ependymomas and 44 intracranial ependymomas were identified in the Connecticut population under 20 years of age, suggesting that spinal cord ependymoma represents approximately 10% of all ependymal tumors in children and young adults (Dohrmann et al. 1976). Another large institutional series confirmed that spinal cord ependymomas are rare in children under 10 years, comprising less than 1% of all spinal tumors. After the age of 10, the incidence of spinal cord ependymoma increases and it represents the majority of intramedullary tumors in patients older than 20 years (Constantini et al. 1997).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   239.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aggarwal R, Yeung D, Kumar P, Muhlbauer M, Kun LE (1997) Efficacy and feasibility of stereotactic radiosurgery in the primary management of unfavorable pediatric ependymoma. Radiotherapy & Oncology 43:269–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awaad YM, Allen JC, Miller DC, Schneider SJ, Wisoff J, Epstein FJ (1996) Deferring adjuvant therapy for totally resected intracranial ependymoma. Pediatric Neurology 14:216–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergsagel DJ, Finegold MJ, Butel JS, Kupsky WJ, Garcea RL (1992) DNA sequences similar to those of simian virus 40 in ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors of childhood. New England Journal of Medicne 326:988–993

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birch BD, Johnson J P, Parsa A, Desai RD, Yoon JT, Lycette CA, Li YM, Bruce JN (1996) Frequent type 2 neurofibromatosis gene transcript mutations in sporadic intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. Neurosurgery 39:135–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouffet E, Tabori U, Bartels U (2007) Paediatric ependymo-mas: should we avoid radiotherapy? Lancet Oncology 8:665–666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouffet E, Capra M, Bartels U (2009) Salvage chemotherapy for metastatic and recurrent ependymoma of childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 25:1293–1301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandes AA, Cavallo G, Reni M, Tosoni A, Nicolardi L, Scopece L, Franceschi E, Sotti G, Talacchi A, Turazzi S, Ermani M (2005) A multicenter retrospective study of chemotherapy for recurrent intracranial ependymal tumors in adults by the Gruppo Italiano Cooperativo di Neuro-Oncologia. Cancer 104:143–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brannon Morris E, Li C, Khan RB, Sanford RA, Boop F, Pinlac R, Xiong X, Merchant TE (2009) Evolution of neurological impairment in pediatric infratentorial ependymoma patients. J Neurooncol 94:391–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbone M, Rizzo P, Pass HI (1997) Simian virus 40, poliovac-cines and human tumors: a review of recent developments. Oncogene 15:1877–1888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cervoni L, Celli P, Fortuna A, Cantore G (1994) Recurrence of spinal ependymoma. Risk factors and long-term survival. Spine 19:2838–2841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciraldo AV, Platt MS, Agamanolis DP, Boeckman CR (1986) Sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymomas and ependy-mal rests in infants and children. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 21:49–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conover JC, Doetsch F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Gale NW, Yancopoulos GD, Alvarez-Buylla A (2000) Disruption of Eph/ephrin signaling affects migration and proliferation in the adult subventricular zone. Nature Neuroscience 3:1091–1097

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constantini S, Allen J, Epstein F (1997) Pediatric and adult primary spinal cord tumors. In: Black P, Loeffler J (eds) Cancer of the nervous system. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, pp 638–639

    Google Scholar 

  • Conter C, Carrie C, Bernier V, Geoffray A, Pagnier A, Gentet JC, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Chabaud S, Frappaz D (2009) Intracranial ependymomas in children: Society of Pediatric Oncology experience with postoperative hyperfraction-ated local radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74(5): 1536–1542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coulon RA, Till K (1977) Intracranial ependymomas in children: a review of 43 cases. Childs Brain 3:154–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Bont JM, Packer RJ, Michiels EM, den Boer ML, Pieters R (2008) Biological background of pediatric medulloblas-toma and ependymoma: a review from a translational research perspective. Neuro-oncology 10:1040–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debiec-Rychter M, Hagemeijer A, Sciot R (2000) Cytogenetic analysis in three cerebral subependymomas: further evidence for a hamartomatous nature? Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 122:63–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dohrmann GJ, Farwell JR, Flannery JT (1976) Ependymomas and ependymoblastomas in children. Journal of Neurosur-gery 45:273–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffner PK, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, Friedman HS, Burger PC, Cohen ME, Sanford RA, Mulhern RK, James HE, Freeman CR et al (1993) Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in children less than three years of age with malignant brain tumors. New England Journal of Medicine 328:1725–1731

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furie DM, Provenzale JM (1995) Supratentorial ependymomas and subependymomas: CT and MR appearance. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 19:518–526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett PG, Simpson WJ (1983) Ependymomas: results of radiation treatment. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 9:1121–1124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garvin J, Sposto R, Stanley P, Rorke L, Packer P (2004) Childhood ependy moma: improved sur vival for patients with incompletely resected tumors with the use of preirradiation chemotherapy. In: 11th International Symposium on Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer JR, Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Rorke LB, Stanley P, Albright AL, WisoffJH, Milstein JM, Allen JC, Finlay JL et al (1994) Survival of infants with primitive neuroectodermal tumors or malignant ependymomas of the CNS treated with eight drugs in 1 day: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 12:1607–1615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson RJ, Bentley L, Hernan R, Junttila TT, Frank AJ, Haapasalo H, Connelly M, Wetmore C, Curran T, Elenius K, Ellison DW (2002) ERBB receptor signaling promotes ependymoma cell proliferation and represents a potential novel therapeutic target for this disease. Clinical Cancer Research 8:3054–3064

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold EB, Leviton A, Lopez R, Austin DF, Gilles FH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Kolonel LN, Lyon JL, Swanson GM, Weiss NS et al (1994) The role of family history in risk of childhood brain tumors. Cancer 73:1302–1311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldwein JW, Glauser TA, Packer RJ, Finlay JL, Sutton LN, Curran WJ, Laehy JM, Rorke LB, Schut L, D'Angio GJ (1990) Recurrent intracranial ependymomas in children. Survival, patterns of failure, and prognostic factors. Cancer 66:557–563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldwein JW, Corn BW, Finlay JL, Packer RJ, Rorke LB, Schut L (1991) Is craniospinal irradiation required to cure children with malignant (anaplastic) intracranial ependymomas? Cancer 67:2766–2771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Good CD, Wade AM, Hayward RD, Phipps KP, Michalski AJ, Harkness WF, Chong WK (2001) Surveillance neuroimag-ing in childhood intracranial ependymoma: how effective, how often, and for how long? Journal of Neurosurgery 94:27–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gornet MK, Buckner JC, Marks RS, Scheithauer BW, Erickson BJ (1999) Chemotherapy for advanced CNS ependymoma. Journal of Neurooncology 45:61–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grill J, Kalifa C, Doz F, Schoepfer C, Sainte-Rose C, Couanet D, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Valteau-Couanet D, Hartmann O (1996) A high-dose busulfan-thiotepa combination followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation in childhood recurrent ependymoma. A phase-II study. Pediatric Neurosurgery 25:7–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grill J, Renaux VK, Bulteau C, Viguier D, Levy-Piebois C, Sainte-Rose C, Dellatolas G, Raquin MA, Jambaque I, Kalifa C (1999) Long-term intellectual outcome in children with posterior fossa tumors according to radiation doses and volumes. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 45:137–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grill J, Le Deley MC, Gambarelli D, Raquin MA, Couanet D, Pierre-Kahn A, Habrand JL, Doz F, Frappaz D, Gentet JC, Edan C, Chastagner P, Kalifa C (2001) Postoperative chemotherapy without irradiation for ependymoma in children under 5 years of age: a multicenter trial of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology 19:1288–1296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy RG, Wilne SA, Weston CL, Robinson K, Lashford LS, Ironside J, Cox T, Chong WK, Campbell RH, Bailey CC, Gattamaneni R, Picton S, Thorpe N, Mallucci C, English MW, Punt JA, Walker DA, Ellison DW, Machin D (2007) Primary postoperative chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial ependy moma in children: the UKCCSG/ SIOP prospective study. Lancet Oncology 8:696–705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton RL, Pollack IF (1997) The molecular biology of ependymomas. Brain Pathology 7:807–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemminki K, Li X, Vaittinen P, Dong C (2000) Cancers in the first-degree relatives of children with brain tumours. British Journal of Cancer 83:407–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirose Y, Aldape K, Bollen A, James CD, Brat D, Lamborn K, Berger M, Feuerstein BG (2001) Chromosomal abnormalities subdivide ependymal tumors into clinically relevant groups. American Journal of Pathology 158:1137–1143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitoshi S, Alexson T, Tropepe V, Donoviel D, Elia AJ, Nye JS, Conlon RA, Mak TW, Bernstein A, van der Kooy D (2002) Notch pathway molecules are essential for the maintenance, but not the generation, of mammalian neural stem cells. Genes and Development 16:846–858

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson DC, Goumnerova LC, Loeffler JS, Dutton S, Black PM, Alexander E 3rd, Xu R, Kooy H, Silver B, Tarbell NJ (2001) Radiosurgery in the management of pediatric brain tumors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 50:929–935

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn B, Heideman R, Geyer R, Pollack I, Packer R, Goldwein J, Tomita T, Schomberg P, Ater J, Luchtman-Jones L, Rivlin K, Lamborn K, Prados M, Bollen A, Berger M, Dahl G, McNeil E, Patterson K, Shaw D, Kubalik M, Russo C (1999) A multi-institutional retrospective study of intracranial ependymoma in children: identification of risk factors. Journal of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology 21:203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hukin J, Epstein F, Lefton D, Allen J (1998) Treatment of intrac-ranial ependymoma by surgery alone. Pediatric Neurosur-gery 29:40–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulsebos TJ, Oskam NT, Bijleveld EH, Westerveld A, Hermsen MA, van den Ouweland AM, Hamel BC, Tijssen CC (1999) Evidence for an ependymoma tumour suppressor gene in chromosome region 22pter-22q11.2. British Journal of Cancer 81:1150–1154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilgren EB, Stiller CA, Hughes JT, Silberman D, Steckel N, Kaye A (1984) Ependymomas: a clinical and pathologic study. Part I. Biologic features. Clinical Neuropathology 3:113–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeuken JW, Sprenger SH, Gilhuis J, Teepen HL, Grotenhuis AJ, Wesseling P (2002) Correlation between localization, age, and chromosomal imbalances in ependymal tumours as detected by CGH. Journal of Pathology 197:238–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kieran MW, Turner CD, Rubin JB, Chi SN, Zimmerman MA, Chordas C, Klement G, Laforme A, Gordon A, Thomas A, Neuberg D, Browder T, Folkman J (2005) A feasibility trial of antiangiogenic (metronomic) chemotherapy in pediat-ric patients with recurrent or progressive cancer. Journal of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology 27:573–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschstein R, Gerger P (1962) Ependymomas produced after intracerebral inoculation of SV40 into newborn hamsters. Nature 195:299–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamszus K, Lachenmayer L, Heinemann U, Kluwe L, Finckh U, Hoppner W, Stavrou D, Fillbrandt R, Westphal M (2001) Molecular genetic alterations on chromosomes 11 and 22 in ependymomas. International Journal of Cancer 91:803–808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Rezai AR, Freed D, Epstein FJ (1996) Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in neurofibromatosis. Neurosurgery 38:32–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linet MS, Ries LA, Smith MA, Tarone RE, Devesa SS (1999) Cancer surveillance series: recent trends in childhood cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Journal of National Cancer Institute 91:1051–1058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (eds) (2007) WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Martini F, Iaccheri L, Lazzarin L, Carinci P, Corallini A, Gerosa M, Iuzzolino P, Barbanti-Brodano G, Tognon M (1996) SV40 early region and large T antigen in human brain tumors, peripheral blood cells, and sperm fluids from healthy individuals. Cancer Research 56:4820–4825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason W P, Goldman S, Yates AJ, Boyett J, Li H, Finlay JL (1998) Survival following intensive chemotherapy with bone marrow reconstitution for children with recurrent intracranial ependymoma–a report of the Children's Cancer Group. Journal of Neurooncology 37:135–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendrzyk F, Korshunov A, Benner A, Toedt G, Pfister S, Radlwimmer B, Lichter P (2006) Identification of gains on 1q and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression as independent prognostic markers in intracranial ependymoma. Clinical Cancer Research 12:2070–2079

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Thompson S, Williams T (2000) Preliminary results from a phase II trial of conformal radiation therapy for localized pediatric brain tumors. In: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Mulhern RK, Krasin MJ, Kun LE, Williams T, Li C, Xiong X, Khan RB, Lustig RH, Boop FA, Sanford RA (2004) Preliminary results from a phase II trial of confor-mal radiation therapy and evaluation of radiation-related CNS effects for pediatric patients with localized ependymoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 22:3156–3162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Li C, Xiong X, Kun LE, Boop FA, Sanford RA (2009) Conformal radiotherapy after surgery for paediat-ric ependymoma: a prospective study. Lancet Oncology 10:258–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modena P, Lualdi E, Facchinetti F, Veltman J, Reid JF, Minardi S, Janssen I, Giangaspero F, Forni M, Finocchiaro G, Genitori L, Giordano F, Riccardi R, Schoenmakers EF, Massimino M, Sozzi G (2006) Identification of tumor-specific molecular signatures in intracranial ependymoma and association with clinical characteristics. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24:5223–5233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mork SJ, Loken AC (1977) Ependymoma: a follow-up study of 101 cases. Cancer 40:907–915

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadkarni TD, Rekate HL (1999) Pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Critical review of the literature. Childs Nervous System 15:17–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazar GB, Hoffman HJ, Becker LE, Jenkin D, Humphreys RP, Hendrick EB (1990) Infratentorial ependymomas in childhood: prognostic factors and treatment. Journal of Neurosurgery 72:408–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton HB, Henson J, Walker RW (1992) Extraneural metasta-ses in ependymoma. Journal of Neurooncology 14:135–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osterdock R, Sanford RA, Merchant TE (2000) Pediatric ependymoma. AANS/CNS Section on Pediatric Neurological Surgery, Coronado, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Park J P, Chaffee S, Noll WW, Rhodes CH (1996) Constitutional de novo t(1;22)(p22;q11.2) and ependymoma. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 86:150–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perilongo G, Massimino M, Sotti G, Belfontali T, Masiero L, Rigobello L, Garre L, Carli M, Lombardi F, Solero C, Sainati L, Canale V, del Prever AB, Giangaspero F, Andreussi L, Mazza C, Madon E (1997) Analyses of prognostic factors in a retrospective review of 92 children with ependymoma: Italian Pediatric Neuro-oncology Group. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 29:79–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prayson RA, Suh JH (1999) Subependymomas: clinicopatho-logic study of 14 tumors, including comparative MIB-1 immunohistochemical analysis with other ependymal neoplasms. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/ Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123:306–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reardon DA, Entrekin RE, Sublett J, Ragsdale S, Li H, Boyett J, Kepner JL, Look AT (1999) Chromosome arm 6q loss is the most common recurrent autosomal alteration detected in primary pediatric ependymoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 24:230–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Mugica M, Chou PM, Myint MM, Ridaura-Sanz C, Gonzalez-Crussi F, Tomita T (1994) Ependymomas in children: histologic and DNA-flow cytometric study. Pediatric Pathology 14:453–466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ries LA, Smith MA, Gurney JG, Linet M, Tamra T, Young JL, Bunin GR (eds) (1999) Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975-1995, National Cancer Institute, SEER Program (NIH Pub. No. 99-4649). NIIH, Bethesda, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson PL, Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Rorke LB, Allen JC, Geyer JR, Stanley P, Li H, Albright AL, McGuire-Cullen P, Finlay JL, Stevens KR Jr, Milstein JM, Packer RJ, Wisoff J (1998) Survival and prognostic factors following radiation therapy and chemotherapy for ependymomas in children: a report of the Children's Cancer Group. Journal of Neurosurgery 88:695–703

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross GW, Rubinstein LJ (1989) Lack of histopathological correlation of malignant ependymomas with postoperative survival. Journal of Neurosurgery 70:31–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau P, Habrand JL, Sarrazin D, Kalifa C, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Rekacewicz C, Rey A (1994) Treatment of intracranial ependymomas of children: review of a 15-year experience. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 28:381–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio MP, Correa KM, Ramesh V, MacCollin MM, Jacoby LB, von Deimling A, Gusella JF, Louis DN (1994) Analysis of the neurofibromatosis 2 gene in human ependymomas and astrocytomas. Cancer Research 54:45–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushing EJ, Yashima K, Brown DF, White CL III, Shay JW, Risser RC, Gazdar AF (1997) Expression of telomerase RNA component correlates with the MIB-1 proliferation index in ependymomas. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 56:1142–1146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, Ottensmeier H, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Graf N, Emser A, Pietsch T, WolffJE, Kortmann RD, Kuehl J (2005) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. New England Journal of Medicine 352:978–986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salazar OM, Rubin P, Bassano D, Marcial VA (1975) Improved survival of patients with intracranial ependymomas by irradiation: doseselection and field extension. Cancer 35:1563–1573

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sara A, Bruner JM, Mackay B (1994) Ultrastructure of ependymoma. Ultrastructural Pathology 18:33–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheil S, Bruderlein S, Eicker M, Herms J, Herold-Mende C, Steiner HH, Barth TF, Moller P (2001) Low frequency of chromosomal imbalances in anaplastic ependymomas as detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Brain Pathology 11:133–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer D, Chio A, Giordana MT, Migheli A, Palma L, Pollo B, Soffietti R, Tribolo A (1991) Histologic prognostic factors in ependymoma. Childs Nervous System 7:177–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw EG, Evans RG, Scheithauer BW, Ilstrup DM, Earle JD (1987) Postoperative radiotherapy of intracranial ependymoma in pediatric and adult patients. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 13:1457–1462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shih CS, Hale GA, Gronewold L, Tong X, Laningham FH, Gilger EA, Srivastava DK, Kun LE, Gajjar A, Fouladi M (2008) High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue for children with recurrent malignant brain tumors. Cancer 112:1345–1353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shu HK, Sall WF, Maity A, Tochner ZA, Janss AJ, Belasco JB, Rorke-Adams LB, Phillips PC, Sutton LN, Fisher MJ (2007) Childhood intracranial ependymoma: twenty-year experience from a single institution. Cancer 110:432–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, Bonn VE, Hawkins C, Squire J, Dirks PB (2003) Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Research 63:5821–5828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slasky BS, Bydder GM, Niendorf HP, Young IR (1987) MR imaging with gadolinium-DTPA in the differentiation of tumor, syrinx, and cyst of the spinal cord. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 11:845–850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth MD, Pitts L, Jackler RK, Aldape KD (2000) Metastatic spinal ependymoma presenting as a vestibular schwan-noma. Case illustration. Journal of Neurosurgery 92:247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sowar K, Straessle J, Donson AM, Handler M, Foreman NK (2006) Predicting which children are at risk for ependymoma relapse. Journal of Neurooncology 78:41–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strickler HD, Rosenberg PS, Devesa SS, Hertel J, Fraumeni JF Jr, Goedert JJ (1998) Contamination of poliovirus vaccines with simian virus 40 (1955–1963) and subsequent cancer rates. JAMA 279:292–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez-Merino B, Hubank M, Revesz T, Harkness W, Hayward R, Thompson D, Darling JL, Thomas DG, Warr TJ (2005) Microarray analysis of pediatric ependymoma identifies a cluster of 112 candidate genes including four transcripts at 22q12.1–q13.3. Neuro-oncology 7:20–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Poppleton H, Fuller C, Su X, Liu Y, Jensen P, Magdaleno S, Dalton J, Calabrese C, Board J, Macdonald T, Rutka J, Guha A, Gajjar A, Curran T, Gilbertson RJ (2005) Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma. Cancer Cell 8:323–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorarinsdottir HK, Rood B, Kamani N, Lafond D, Perez-Albuerne E, Loechelt B, Packer RJ, MacDonald TJ (2007) Outcome for children <4 years of age with malignant central nervous system tumors treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 48:278–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tihan T, Zhou T, Holmes E, Burger PC, Ozuysal S, Rushing EJ (2008) The prognostic value of histological grading of posterior fossa ependymomas in children: a Children's Oncology Group study and a review of prognostic factors. Modern Pathology 21:165–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann B, Kortmann RD, Kuhl J, Meisner C, Slavc I, Pietsch T, Bamberg M (2000) Combined postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy for anaplastic ependymo-mas in childhood: results of the German prospective trials HIT 88/89 and HIT 91. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 46:287–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tortori-Donati P, Fondelli MP, Cama A, Garre ML, Rossi A, Andreussi L (1995) Ependymomas of the posterior cranial fossa: CT and MRI findings. Neuroradiology 37:238–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida N, Buck DW, He D, Reitsma MJ, Masek M, Phan TV, Tsukamoto AS, Gage FH, Weissman IL (2000) Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:14720–14725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanuytsel L, Brada M (1991) The role of prophylactic spinal irradiation in localized intracranial ependymoma. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 21:825–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wager M, Lapierre F, Blanc JL, Listrat A, Bataille B (2000) Cauda equina tumors: a French multicenter retrospective review of 231 adult cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgical Review 23:119–129; discussion 130–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron JN, Laperriere NJ, Jaakkimainen L, Simpson WJ, Payne D, Milosevic M, Wong CS (1993) Spinal cord ependymomas: a retrospective analysis of 59 cases. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 27:223–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker RW, Allen JC (1988) Cisplatin in the treatment of recurrent childhood primary brain tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 6:62–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward S, Harding B, Wilkins P, Harkness W, Hayward R, Darling JL, Thomas DG, Warr T (2001) Gain of 1q and loss of 22 are the most common changes detected by comparative genomic hybridisation in paediatric ependymoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 32:59–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker SJ, Bessell EM, Ashley SE, Bloom HJ, Bell BA, Brada M (1991) Postoperative radiotherapy in the management of spinal cord ependymoma. Journal of Neurosurgery 74:720–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White L, Kellie S, Gray E, Toogood I, Waters K, Lockwood L, Macfarlane S, Johnston H (1998) Postoperative chemotherapy in children less than 4 years of age with malignant brain tumors: promising initial response to a VETOPEC-based regimen. A study of the Australian and New Zealand Children's Cancer Study Group (ANZCCSG). Journal of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology 20:125–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woesler B, Moskopp D, Kuchelmeister K, Schul C, Wassmann H (1998) Intracranial metastasis of a spinal myxopapillary ependymoma. A case report. Neurosurgical Review 21:62–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharoulis S, Levy A, Chi SN, Gardner S, Rosenblum M, Miller DC, Dunkel I, Diez B, Sposto R, Ji L, Asgharzadeh S, Hukin J, Belasco J, Dubowy R, Kellie S, Termuhlen A, Finlay J (2007) Outcome for young children newly diagnosed with ependymoma, treated with intensive induction chemotherapy followed by myeloablative chemotherapy and autolo-gous stem cell rescue. Pediatr Blood & Cancer 49:34–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhen HN, Zhang X, Bu XY, Zhang ZW, Huang WJ, Zhang P, Liang JW, Wang XL (1999) Expression of the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (Tag) and formation of Tag-p53 and Tag-pRb complexes in human brain tumors. Cancer 86:2124–2132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng PP, Pang JC, Hui AB, Ng HK (2000) Comparative genomic hybridization detects losses of chromosomes 22 and 16 as the most common recurrent genetic alterations in primary ependymomas. Cancer Genetics Cytogenetics 122:18–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital and The Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1077, USA

    Matthew D. Smyth

  2. Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital and The Washington University School of Medicine, South Euclid Avenue, 660, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1077, USA

    Joshua Rubin

Authors
  1. Matthew D. Smyth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joshua Rubin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Rm M779, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA

    Nalin Gupta

  2. Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0106, USA

    Anuradha Banerjee

  3. Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115-1708, USA

    Daphne Haas-Kogan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smyth, M.D., Rubin, J. (2010). Ependymoma. In: Gupta, N., Banerjee, A., Haas-Kogan, D. (eds) Pediatric CNS Tumors. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87979-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87979-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87976-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87979-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation