Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

High-Grade Gliomas

  • Chapter
Book cover Pediatric CNS Tumors

Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

  • 1718 Accesses

Astrocytomas are the most common childhood tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), representing approximately 40–50% of all pediatric tumors. The World Health Organization (WHO) clas-sifi es these tumors into low-grade (WHO grade I and II) and high-grade (WHO grade III and IV) astrocy-tomas (Kleihues et al. 2002). In contrast to the adult population, high-grade gliomas in children are relatively infrequent and represent less than 20% of cases (Pollack 1994). Although some genetic syndromes are associated with an increased risk of developing CNS tumors, the etiology for most tumors is unknown. Despite advances in treatment for other types of childhood tumors, patients with high-grade gliomas invariably have a poor outcome, and 5-year survival rates are less than 20%.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 239.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barani IJ, Cuttino LW et al (2007) Neural stem cell-preserving external-beam radiotherapy of central nervous system malignancies. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 68(4):978–985

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benesch M, Wagner S et al (2005) Primary dissemination of high-grade gliomas in children: experiences from four studies of the Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Society of the German Language Group (GPOH). Journal of Neuro-oncology 72(2):179–183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bredel M, Pollack IF et al (1999) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and gene amplifi cation in high-grade non-brainstem gliomas of childhood. Clinical Cancer Research 5(7):1786–1792

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Y, Ng HK, Zhang SF, et al (1999) Genetic alterations in pediatric high-grade astrocytomas. Hum Pathology 30: 1284–1290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donson AM, Addo-Yobo SO, Handler MH, Gore L, Foreman NK (2007) MGMT promoter methylation correlates with survival benefi t and sensitivity to temozolomide in pediat-ric glioblastoma. Pediatric Blood Cancer 48:403–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffner PK (2007) Diagnosis of brain tumors in children. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7(7):875–885

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffner PK, Krischer JP et al (1996) Treatment of infants with malignant gliomas: the Pediatric Oncology Group experience. Journal of Neuro-oncology 28(2–3):245–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estlin EJ, Lashford L et al (1998) Phase I study of temozolo-mide in paediatric patients with advanced cancer. United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group. British Journal of Cancer 78(5):652–661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finlay JL, Boyett JM et al (1995) Randomized phase III trial in childhood high-grade astrocytoma comparing vincristine, lomustine, and prednisone with the eight-drugs-in-1-day regimen. Childrens Cancer Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 13(1):112–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finlay JL, Goldman S et al (1996) Pilot study of high-dose thiotepa and etoposide with autologous bone marrow rescue in children and young adults with recurrent CNS tumors. The Children's Cancer Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 14(9):2495–2503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton DS, Urtasun RC et al (1992) Increasing radiation dose intensity using hyperfractionation in patients with malignant glioma. Final report of a prospective phase I-II dose response study. Journal of Neurooncology 14(1):63–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganigi PM, Santosh V, Anandh B, Chandramouli BA, Sastry Kolluri VR (2005) Expression of p53, EGFR, pRb and bcl-2 proteins in pediatric glioblastoma multiforme: a study of 54 patients. Pediatric Neurosurg 41:292–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer JR, Finlay JL et al (1995) Survival of infants with malignant astrocytomas. A Report from the Childrens Cancer Group. Cancer 75(4):1045–1050

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grovas AC, Boyett JM et al (1999) Regimen-related toxicity of myeloablative chemotherapy with BCNU, thiotepa, and etoposide followed by autologous stem cell rescue for children with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme: report from the Children's Cancer Group. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 33(2):83–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez AN, Westerly DC et al (2007) Whole brain radiotherapy with hippocampal avoidance and simultaneously integrated brain metastases boost: a planning study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 69(2):589–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton SR, Liu B et al (1995) The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 332(13): 839–847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heideman RL, Kuttesch J Jr et al (1997) Supratentorial malignant gliomas in childhood: a single institution perspective. Cancer 80(3):497–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyder DJ, Sung L et al (2007) Anaplastic mixed gliomas and anaplastic oligodendroglioma in children: results from the CCG 945 experience. Journal of Neuro-oncology 83:1–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ino Y, Zlatescu MC et al (2000) Long survival and therapeutic responses in patients with histologically disparate highgrade gliomas demonstrating chromosome 1p loss. Journal of Neurosurgery 92(6):983–990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleihues P, Louis DN et al (2002) The WHO classifi cation of tumors of the nervous system. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 61(3):215–225; discussion 226–229

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lashford LS, Thiesse P et al (2002) Temozolomide in malignant gliomas of childhood: a United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group and French Society for Pediatric Oncology Intergroup Study. Journal of Clin Oncology 20(24):4684–4691

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li F P, Fraumeni JF Jr et al (1988) A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Research 48(18):5358–5362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, James CD et al (1997) PTEN/MMAC1 mutations and EGFR amplifi cation in glioblastomas. Cancer Research 57(23):5254–5257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marachelian A, Butturini A et al (2008) Myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell rescue for childhood central nervous system tumors. Bone Marrow Transplantation 41(2):167–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massimino M, Gandola L et al (2005) Sequential chemotherapy, high-dose thiotepa, circulating progenitor cell rescue, and radiotherapy for childhood high-grade glioma. Neuro-oncology 7(1):41–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta V, Chapman A et al (2002). Latency between symptom onset and diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors: an Eastern Canadian geographic study. Neurosurgery 51(2):365–372; discussion 372–373

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant TE, Hua CH et al (2008) Proton versus photon radiotherapy for common pediatric brain tumors: comparison of models of dose characteristics and their relationship to cognitive function. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 51(1): 110–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura M, Shimada K et al (2007) Molecular pathogenesis of pediatric astrocytic tumors. Neuro-oncology 9(2): 113–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson HS, Kretschmar CS et al (2007) Phase 2 study of temozolomide in children and adolescents with recurrent central nervous system tumors: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer 110(7):1542–1550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ (1999) Primary central nervous system tumors in children. Curr Treatment Options in Neurology 1(5): 395–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packer RJ, Boyett JM et al (1993) Hyperfractionated radiation therapy (72 Gy) for children with brain stem gliomas. A Childrens Cancer Group Phase I/II Trial. Cancer 72(4): 1414–1421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettorini BL, Park YS et al (2008) Radiation-induced brain tumours after central nervous system irradiation in childhood: a review. Childs Nervous System 24(7):793–805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF (1994) Brain tumors in children. New England Journal of Medicine 331(22):1500–1507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF, Finkelstein SD et al (2001) Age and TP53 mutation frequency in childhood malignant gliomas: results in a multi-institutional cohort. Cancer Research 61(20): 7404–7407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF, Finkelstein SD et al (2002a) Expression of p53 and prognosis in children with malignant gliomas. New England Journal of Medicine 346(6):420–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF, Hamilton RL et al (2002) Impact of proliferation index on outcome in childhood malignant gliomas: results in a multi-institutional cohort. Neurosurgery 50(6):1238– 1244; discussion 1244–1245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF, Finkelstein SD et al (2003) Association between chromosome 1p and 19q loss and outcome in pediatric malignant gliomas: results from the CCG-945 cohort. Pediatric Neurosurgery 39(3):114–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF, Hamilton RL et al (2006) Rarity of PTEN deletions and EGFR amplifi cation in malignant gliomas of childhood: results from the Children's Cancer Group 945 cohort. Journal of Neurosurgery 105(5 Suppl):418–424

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF, Jakacki RI et al (2007) Phase I trial of imatinib in children with newly diagnosed brainstem and recurrent malignant gliomas: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium report. Neuro-oncology 9(2):145–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raffel C, Frederick L, O'Fallon JR, et al (1999) Analysis of onco-gene and tumor suppressor gene alterations in pediatric malignant astrocytomas reveals reduced survival for patients with PTEN mutations. Clin Cancer Research 5:4085–4090

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan R, Balani J et al (2003) Pediatric oligodendrogliomas: a study of molecula alterations on 1p and 19q using fl uresence in situ hybridization. Journal of Neuropthology and Experimental Neurology 62(5):530–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Sposto R, Ertel IJ et al (1989) The effectiveness of chemotherapy for treatment of high grade astrocytoma in children: results of a randomized trial. A report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. Journal of Neurooncology 7(2): 165–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stupp R, Dietrich PY et al (2002) Promising survival for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme treated with concomitant radiation plus temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide. Journal of Clinical Oncology 20(5):1375–1382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sure U, Ruedi D, Tachibana O, et al (1997) Determination of p53 mutations, EGFR overexpression, and loss of p16 expression in pediatric glioblastomas. Journal Neuropathology Experimental Neurology 56:782–789

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamber MS, Rutka JT (2003) Pediatric supratentorial highgrade gliomas. Neurosurgical Focus 14(2):e1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turcot J, Despres JP et al (1959) Malignant tumors of the central nervous system associated with familial polyposis of the colon: report of two cases. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 2:465–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varley JM, McGown G et al (1997) Germ-line mutations of TP53 in Li-Fraumeni families: an extended study of 39 families. Cancer Research 57(15):3245–3252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisoff JH, Boyett JM et al (1998) Current neurosurgical management and the impact of the extent of resection in the treatment of malignant gliomas of childhood: a report of the Children's Cancer Group trial no. CCG-945. Journal of Neurosurgery 89(1):52–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff JE, Gnekow AK et al (2002) Preradiation chemotherapy for pediatric patients with high-grade glioma. Cancer 94(1):264–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology Division of Child Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 350 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 609, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0137, USA

    Sabine Mueller

  2. Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115-1708, USA

    Daphne Haas-Kogan

Authors
  1. Sabine Mueller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daphne Haas-Kogan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sabine Mueller .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Rm M779, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA

    Nalin Gupta

  2. Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0106, USA

    Anuradha Banerjee

  3. Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115-1708, USA

    Daphne Haas-Kogan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mueller, S., Haas-Kogan, D. (2010). High-Grade Gliomas. In: Gupta, N., Banerjee, A., Haas-Kogan, D. (eds) Pediatric CNS Tumors. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87979-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87979-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87976-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87979-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation