Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neurosurgery pp 181–239Cite as

Vascular Diseases

  • Chapter

  • 5629 Accesses

Part of the book series: European Manual of Medicine ((EUROMANUAL))

Abstract

Cerebral aneurysms arise at the bifurcation of blood vessels. They are primarily saccular in shape, but may have additional lobules or “nipples”. Far less commonly, fusiform dilatation or ectasia of intracranial vessels occurs and in some cases may be associated with connective tissue or atherosclerotic disease. Most saccular aneurysms occur in relation to the anterior cerebral artery (35%), followed by the internal carotid artery (30%), and the middle cerebral artery (25%). About 10% arise from the posterior circulation. The formation of cerebral aneurysms was originally attributed to the presence of developmental defects in the tunica media, but defects in this layer occur as frequently in extracranial vessels where saccular aneurysms are rare. Furthermore, cerebral aneurysms are rarely seen in children.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

Selected Reading of Section 3.3.1

  1. Al-Shahi R, White PM, Davenport RJ, Lindsay KW (2006) Subarachnoid haemorrhage. BMJ 333(7561):235–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bhattacharya JJ, Thammaroj J (2004) The current role of endovascular treatment for saccular cerebral aneurysms: consensus and controversy. Adv Clin Neurosci 14:301–322

    Google Scholar 

  3. De Gans K, Nieuwkamp DJ, Rinkel GJ, Algra A (2002) Timing of aneurysm surgery in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurgery 50:336–340

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM (1980) Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 6(1):1–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jane JA, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Winn HR (1985) The natural history of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 62(3):321–323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lindsay KW (2003) The impact of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Treatment Trial (ISAT) on neurosurgical practice. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 145(2):97–99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, Sandercock P, Clarke M, Shrimpton J, Holman R; International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group (2002) International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet 360(9342):1267–1274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, Clarke M, Sneade M, Yarnold JA et al. (2005) International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet 366:809–817

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Murayama Y, Nien YL, Duckwiler G, Gobin YP, Jahan R, Frazee J, Martin N, Vinuela F (2003) Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms: 11 years’ experience. J Neurosurg 98(5):959–966

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rhoton AL Jr (2002) Aneurysms. Neurosurgery 51(4 Suppl):S121–S158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Hasan D, Kienstra GE, Franke CL, Hageman LM, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J (1991) Outcome in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and negative angiography according to pattern of haemorrhage on computed tomography. Lancet 338(8773):964–968

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rinkel GJE, Feigin VL, Algra A, van den Bergh WM, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J (2005) Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD000277

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ruigrok YM, Rinkel GJ, Wijmenga C (2005) Genetics of intracranial aneurysms [review]. Lancet Neurol 4(3):179–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Society of British Neurological Surgeons, the British Society of Neuroradiologists, and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Clinical Effectiveness Unit (2006) National study of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Royal College of Surgeons of England, Clinical Effectiveness Unit, London

    Google Scholar 

  15. Van den Bergh WM, Algra A, van Kooten F, Dirven CM, van Gijn J, Vermeulen M, Rinkel GJ; MASH Study Group (2005) Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 36(5):1011–1015

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ (2001) Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain 124:249–278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Whitfield PC, Kirkpatrick PJ (2001) Timing of surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD001697

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, Meissner I, Brown RD Jr, Piepgras DG, Forbes GS, Thielen K, Nichols D, O’Fallon WM, Peacock J, Jaeger L, Kassell NF, Kongable-Beckman GL, Torner JC; International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators (2003) Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet 362(9378):103–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Selected Reading of Section 3.3.2

  1. Steiger HJ, Schmid-Elsaesser R, Muacevic A, Brückmann H, Wowra B (2002) Neurosurgery of arteriovenous malformations and fistulas. Springer, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ondra SL, Troupp H, George ED, Schwab K (1990) The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: a 24-year follow-up assessment. J Neurosurg 73(3):387–391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mast H, Young WL, Koennecke HC, Sciacca RR, Osipov A, Pile-Spellman J, Hacein-Bey L, Duong H, Stein BM, Mohr JP (1997) Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet 350(9084):1065–1068

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hartmann A, Stapf C, Hofmeister C, Mohr JP, Sciacca RR, Stein BM, Faulstich A, Mast H (2000) Determinants of neurological outcome after surgery for brain arteriovenous malformation. Stroke 31(10):2361–2364

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Karlsson B, Lindquist C, Steiner L (1997) Prediction of obliteration after gamma knife surgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 40(3):425–430; discussion 430–431

    Google Scholar 

References of Section 3.3.6

  1. Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, Batjer HH, Hondo H, Hanley DF (2001) Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 344(19):1450–1460

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Miller JH, Wardlaw JM, Lammie GA (1999) Intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy: CT features with pathological correlation. Clin Radiol 54(7):422–429

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lang EW, Ren Ya Z, Preul C et al. (2001) Stroke pattern interpretation: the variability of hypertensive versus amyloid angiopathy hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 12(2):121–130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lipton RB, Berger AR, Lesser ML, Lantos G, Portenoy RK (1987) Lobar vs thalamic and basal ganglion hemorrhage: clinical and radiographic features. J Neurol 234(2):86–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mutlu N, Berry RG, Alpers BJ (1963) Massive cerebral hemorrhage. Clinical and pathological correlations. Arch Neurol 144:644–661

    Google Scholar 

  6. Fisher CM (1971) Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 30(3):536–550

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Takebayashi S, Matsuo K, Kaneko M (1984) Ultrastructural studies of cerebral arteries and collateral vessels in moyamoya disease. Stroke 15(4):728–732

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson CS, Chakera TM, Stewart-Wynne EG, Jamrozik KD (1994) Spectrum of primary intracerebral haemorrhage in Perth, Western Australia, 1989–90: incidence and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(8):936–940

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Challa VR, Moody DM, Bell MA (1992) The Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm controversy: impact of a new histologic technique. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 51(3):264–271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ritter MA, Droste DW, Hegedus K et al. (2005) Role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in intracerebral hemorrhage in hypertensive patients. Neurology 64(7):1233–1237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Brott T, Thalinger K, Hertzberg V (1986) Hypertension as a risk factor for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 17(6):1078–1083

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cole FM, Yates P (1967) Intracerebral microaneurysms and small cerebrovascular lesions. Brain 90(4):759–768

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gilles C, Brucher JM, Khoubesserian P, Vanderhaeghen JJ (1984) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy as a cause of multiple intracerebral hemorrhages. Neurology 34(6):730–735

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. McCarron MO, Nicoll JA (2004) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and thrombolysis-related intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 3(8):484–492

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rosenblum WI (1977) Miliary aneurysms and “fibrinoid” degeneration of cerebral blood vessels. Hum Pathol 8(2):133–139

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gilbert GJ (1978) Hemorrhagic complications of cerebral arteritis. Arch Neurol 35(6):396–397

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Physicians’ Health Study (1988) Findings from the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians’ Health Study. N Engl J Med 318(4):262–264

    Google Scholar 

  18. Blackshear JL, Kopecky SL, Litin SC, Safford RE, Hammill SC (1996) Management of atrial fibrillation in adults: prevention of thromboembolism and symptomatic treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 71(2):150–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kawamata T, Takeshita M, Kubo O, Izawa M, Kagawa M, Takakura K (1995) Management of intracranial hemorrhage associated with anticoagulant therapy. Surg Neurol 44(5):438–442; discussion 43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 333(24):1581–1587

    Google Scholar 

  21. Maggioni AP, Franzosi MG, Santoro E, White H, Van de Werf F, Tognoni G (1992) The risk of stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction after thrombolytic and antithrombotic treatment. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico II (GISSI-2), and The International Study Group. N Engl J Med 327(1):1–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Caplan L (1988) Intracerebral hemorrhage revisited. Neurology 38(4):624–627

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Broderick JP, Adams HP Jr, Barsan W et al. (1999) Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 30(4):905–915

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R (1992) The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites. N Engl J Med 326(11):733–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Furlan AJ, Whisnant JP, Elveback LR (1979) The decreasing incidence of primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population study. Ann Neurol 5(4):367–373

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Qureshi AI, Giles WH, Croft JB (1999) Racial differences in the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage: effects of blood pressure and education. Neurology 52(8):1617–1621

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Suzuki K, Kutsuzawa T, Takita K et al. (1987) Clinico-epidemiologic study of stroke in Akita, Japan. Stroke 18(2):402–406

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ, Algra A (2003) Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke 34(8):2060–2065

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Giroud M, Gras P, Chadan N et al. (1991) Cerebral haemorrhage in a French prospective population study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54(7):595–598

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Forbes A, Donnan GA (1998) Three important subgroups of hypertensive persons at greater risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Melbourne Risk Factor Study Group. Hypertension 31(6):1223–1229

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group (1982) Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. III. Reduction in stroke incidence among persons with high blood pressure. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. JAMA 247(5):633–638

    Google Scholar 

  32. SHEP Cooperative Research Group (1991) Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 265(24):3255–3264

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gorelick PB, Kelly MA (1992) Alcohol as a risk factor for stroke. Heart Dis Stroke 1(5):255–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Camargo CA Jr (1989) Moderate alcohol consumption and stroke. The epidemiologic evidence. Stroke 20(12):1611–1626

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Juvela S, Hillbom M, Palomaki H (1995) Risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 26(9):
1558–1564

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Monforte R, Estruch R, Graus F, Nicolas JM, Urbano-Marquez A (1990) High ethanol consumption as risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage in young and middle-aged people. Stroke 21(11):1529–1532

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Schaeffner ES, Buring JE, Gaziano JM (2003) Smoking and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men. Stroke 34(5):1151–1155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Shinton R, Beevers G (1989) Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ 298(6676):789–794

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Buring JE (2003) Smoking and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in women. Stroke 34(12):2792–2795

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Iso H, Jacobs DR Jr, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD (1989) Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med 320(14):904–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Greenberg SM, Vonsattel JP, Stakes JW, Gruber M, Finklestein SP (1993) The clinical spectrum of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: presentations without lobar hemorrhage. Neurology 43(10):2073–2079

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ropper AH, Davis KR (1980) Lobar cerebral hemorrhages: acute clinical syndromes in 26 cases. Ann Neurol 8(2):141–147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mohr JP, Caplan LR, Melski JW et al. (1978) The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry. Neurology 28(8):754–762

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Andrews BT, Chiles BW III, Olsen WL, Pitts LH (1988) The effect of intracerebral hematoma location on the risk of brain-stem compression and on clinical outcome. J Neurosurg 69(4):518–522

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Satoh T, Kanno I, Uemura K (1995) Central benzodiazepine receptor distribution after subcortical hemorrhage evaluated by means of [123I]iomazenil and SPECT. Stroke 26(12):2267–2271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ott KH, Kase CS, Ojemann RG, Mohr JP (1974) Cerebellar hemorrhage: diagnosis and treatment. A review of 56 cases. Arch Neurol 31(3):160–167

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Melo TP, Pinto AN, Ferro JM (1996) Headache in intracerebral hematomas. Neurology 47(2):494–500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mayer SA, Sacco RL, Shi T, Mohr JP (1994) Neurologic deterioration in noncomatose patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 44(8):1379–1384

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fujii Y, Tanaka R, Takeuchi S, Koike T, Minakawa T, Sasaki O (1994) Hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 80(1):51–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Tomsick T, Barsan W, Spilker J (1990) Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 72(2):195–199

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Derdeyn CP, Powers WJ (1999) Progression of mass effect after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 30(6):1167–1173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Qureshi AI, Safdar K, Weil J et al. (1995) Predictors of early deterioration and mortality in black Americans with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 26(10):1764–1767

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C (1997) Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 315(7122):1582–1587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Vespa PM, O’Phelan K, Shah M et al. (2003) Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 60(9):1441–1446

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS (1995) Intracerebral hemorrhage versus infarction: stroke severity, risk factors, and prognosis. Ann Neurol 38(1):45–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dennis MS (2003) Outcome after brain haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 16 [Suppl 1]:9–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Huster G (1993) Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 24(7):987–993

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lisk DR, Pasteur W, Rhoades H, Putnam RD, Grotta JC (1994) Early presentation of hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage: prediction of outcome and guidelines for treatment allocation. Neurology 44(1):133–139

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tuhrim S, Horowitz DR, Sacher M, Godbold JH (1995) Validation and comparison of models predicting survival following intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 23(5):950–954

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kim JS, Lee JH, Lee MC (1994) Small primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinical presentation of 28 cases. Stroke 25(7):1500–1506

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bradley WG Jr (1993) MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 189(1):15–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Aygun N, Masaryk TJ (2002) Diagnostic imaging for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Clin N Am 13(3):313–334

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Zhu XL, Chan MS, Poon WS (1997) Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: which patients need diagnostic cerebral angiography? A prospective study of 206 cases and review of the literature. Stroke 28(7):1406–1409

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Huston J III, Nichols DA, Luetmer PH et al. (1994) Blinded prospective evaluation of sensitivity of MR angiography to known intracranial aneurysms: importance of aneurysm size. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15(9):1607–1614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gujjar AR, Deibert E, Manno EM, Duff S, Diringer MN (1998) Mechanical ventilation for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: indications, timing, and outcome. Neurology 51(2):447–451

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Carlberg B, Asplund K, Hagg E (1993) The prognostic value of admission blood pressure in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 24(9):1372–1375

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al. (1997) Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 28(1):1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Qureshi AI, Wilson DA, Hanley DF, Traystman RJ (1992) Pharmacologic reduction of mean arterial pressure does not adversely affect regional cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 27(5):965–971

    Google Scholar 

  69. Diringer MN (1993) Intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology and management. Crit Care Med 21(10):1591–1603

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Berger AR, Lipton RB, Lesser ML, Lantos G, Portenoy RK (1988) Early seizures following intracerebral hemorrhage: implications for therapy. Neurology 38(9):1363–1365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cervoni L, Artico M, Salvati M, Bristot R, Franco C, Delfini R (1994) Epileptic seizures in intracerebral hemorrhage: a clinical and prognostic study of 55 cases. Neurosurg Rev 17(3):185–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A et al. (1987) Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 316(20):1229–1233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Tellez H, Bauer RB (1973) Dexamethasone as treatment in cerebrovascular disease. I. A controlled study in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 4(4):541–546

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Yu YL, Kumana CR, Lauder IJ et al. (1992) Treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage with intravenous glycerol. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Stroke 23(7):967–971

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Italian Acute Stroke Study Group (1988) Haemodilution in acute stroke: results of the Italian haemodilution trial. Italian Acute Stroke Study Group. Lancet 1(8581):318–321

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mayer SA (2003) Ultra-early hemostatic therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 34(1):224–229

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K et al. (2005) Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 352(8):777–785

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Qureshi AI, Geocadin RG, Suarez JI, Ulatowski JA (2000) Long-term outcome after medical reversal of transtentorial herniation in patients with supratentorial mass lesions. Crit Care Med 28(5):1556–1564

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Woodcock J, Ropper AH, Kennedy SK (1982) High dose barbiturates in non-traumatic brain swelling: ICP reduction and effect on outcome. Stroke 13(6):785–787

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kingman TA, Mendelow AD, Graham DI, Teasdale GM (1988) Experimental intracerebral mass: description of model, intracranial pressure changes and neuropathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 47(2):128–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Nehls DG, Mendelow DA, Graham DI, Teasdale GM (1990) Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: early removal of a spontaneous mass lesion improves late outcome. Neurosurgery 27(5):674–682; discussion 682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Chambers IR, Banister K, Mendelow AD (2001) Intracranial pressure within a developing intracerebral haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 15(2):140–141

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Nath FP, Kelly PT, Jenkins A, Mendelow AD, Graham DI, Teasdale GM (1987) Effects of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage on blood flow, capillary permeability, and histochemistry. J Neurosurg 66(4):555–562

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mendelow AD (1993) Mechanisms of ischemic brain damage with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 24 [12 Suppl]:I115–117; discussion I118–119

    Google Scholar 

  85. Siddique MS, Fernandes HM, Arene NU, Wooldridge TD, Fenwick JD, Mendelow AD (2000) Changes in cerebral blood flow as measured by HMPAO SPECT in patients following spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 76:517–520

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Hankey GJ ( Evacuation of intracerebral hematoma is likely to be beneficial – against. Stroke 34(6):1568–1569

    Google Scholar 

  87. Minematsu K (2003) Evacuation of intracerebral hematoma is likely to be beneficial. Stroke 34(6):1567–1568

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Mckissock WRA, Taylor J (1961) Primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a controlled trial of surgical and conservative treatment in 180 unselected cases. Lancet 1961(278):221–226

    Google Scholar 

  89. Auer LM, Deinsberger W, Niederkorn K et al. (1989) Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: a randomized study. J Neurosurg 70(4):530–535

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Juvela S, Heiskanen O, Poranen A et al. (1989) The treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A prospective randomized trial of surgical and conservative treatment. J Neurosurg 70(5):755–758

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Batjer HH, Reisch JS, Allen BC, Plaizier LJ, Su CJ (1990) Failure of surgery to improve outcome in hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage. A prospective randomized trial. Arch Neurol 47(10):1103–1106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Morgenstern LB, Frankowski RF, Shedden P, Pasteur W, Grotta JC (1998) Surgical treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (STICH): a single-center, randomized clinical trial. Neurology 51(5):1359–1363

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Zuccarello M, Brott T, Derex L et al. (1999) Early surgical treatment for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized feasibility study. Stroke 30(9):1833–1839

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Donnan GA, Davis SM (2003) Surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage: an evidence-poor zone. Stroke 34(6):
1569–1570

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM et al. (2005) Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet 365(9457):387–397

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Van Loon J, Van Calenbergh F, Goffin J, Plets C (1993) Controversies in the management of spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage. A consecutive series of 49 cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 122(3–4):187–193

    Google Scholar 

  97. Firsching R, Huber M, Frowein RA (1991) Cerebellar haemorrhage: management and prognosis. Neurosurg Rev 14(3):191–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kobayashi S, Sato A, Kageyama Y, Nakamura H, Watanabe Y, Yamaura A (1994) Treatment of hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage – surgical or conservative management? Neurosurgery 34(2):246–250; discussion 250–251

    Google Scholar 

  99. Da Pian R, Bazzan A, Pasqualin A (1984) Surgical versus medical treatment of spontaneous posterior fossa haematomas: a cooperative study on 205 cases. Neurol Res 6(3):145–151

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Prasad K, Shrivastava A (2000) Surgery for primary supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD000200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Zuccarello M, Andaluz N, Wagner KR (2002) Minimally invasive therapy for intracerebral hematomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 13(3):349–354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Auer LM, Ascher PW, Heppner F et al. (1985) Does acute endoscopic evacuation improve the outcome of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage? Eur Neurol 24(4):254–261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Montes JM, Wong JH, Fayad PB, Awad IA (2000) Stereotactic computed tomographic-guided aspiration and thrombolysis of intracerebral hematoma: protocol and preliminary experience. Stroke 31(4):834–840

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Rohde V, Rohde I, Reinges MH, Mayfrank L, Gilsbach JM (2000) Frameless stereotactically guided catheter placement and fibrinolytic therapy for spontaneous intracerebral hematomas: technical aspects and initial clinical results. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 43(1):9–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Marquardt G, Wolff R, Janzen RW, Seifert V (2005) Basal ganglia haematomas in non-comatose patients: subacute stereotactic aspiration improves long-term outcome in comparison to purely medical treatment. Neurosurg Rev 28(1):64–69

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J, Leffers P, Franke CL, Blaauw G (2003) Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke 34(4):968–974

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 14 Kenmure Road, G46 6TU, Giffnock, Glasgow, UK

    Ken Lindsay

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Hans-Jakob Steiger

  3. Vaskuläre Neurochirurgie und Schädelbasischirurgie, Neurochirurgische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Daniel Hänggi

  4. Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München-Großhadern, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany

    R. Schmid-Elsaesser

  5. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen Medical Centre UMCG, 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Netherlands

    J. Marc C. van Dijk

  6. National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Sheffield, UK

    Andras Kemeny

  7. Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany

    Ulrich Sure

  8. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland

    Helmut Bertalanffy

  9. Department of Neurosurgery, Central Military Hospital, U Vojenske nemocnice 1200, 16902, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Vladimir Beneš

  10. Departement de Neuroradiologie et Therapeutique, Centre Hôpitalier Université de Bicêtre, 78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94275, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

    Pierre Lasjaunias

Authors
  1. Ken Lindsay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hans-Jakob Steiger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel Hänggi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. Schmid-Elsaesser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J. Marc C. van Dijk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Andras Kemeny
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ulrich Sure
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Helmut Bertalanffy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Vladimir Beneš
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Pierre Lasjaunias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. K. ter Brugge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. A. Berenstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Bogenhausen Academic Teaching Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Englschalkinger Straße 77, 81925, München, Germany

    Christianto B. Lumenta

  2. Istituto di Neurochirurgica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Policlinico Gemelli, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Concezio Di Rocco

  3. Institute of Health Science and Technology, Faculties of Engineering, Science and Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers vej 7 D3, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark

    Jens Haase

  4. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen Medical Centre UMCG, 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Netherlands

    Jan Jakob A. Mooij

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lindsay, K. et al. (2010). Vascular Diseases. In: Lumenta, C., Di Rocco, C., Haase, J., Mooij, J. (eds) Neurosurgery. European Manual of Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79565-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79565-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79564-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79565-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation