Abstract
Nonlinear crystals are, nowadays, key devices to build coherent sources emitting radiation from the UV to the IR spectral range. Applications of nonlinear optics are primarily based on frequency conversion, through harmonic generation or sum and difference frequency mixing. These nonlinear frequency conversion techniques make possible coherent light sources in spectral regions where laser sources are limited, or do not exist. Light sources based on nonlinear crystals, like optical parametric oscillators as well as harmonic and difference frequency generators, are finding increasing application in high sensitivity spectroscopy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
U. Simon, F.K. Tittel, in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics: Electromagnetic Radiation, vol. 29C, ed. by F.B. Dunning, R.G. Hulet (Academic Press, New York, 1997), p. 231
D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, G. Giusfredi, C. Fort, J. Mitchell, L. Hollberg, Opt. Lett. 25, 350 (2000)
N. Picqué, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, P. De Natale, Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, 692 (2001)
K. Fradkin, A. Arie, P. Urenski, G. Rosenman, Opt. Lett. 25, 743 (2000)
R.G. Hunsperger, Integrated Optics, 4th edn. (Springer, Berlin, 1995)
S. Breer, K. Buse, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 66, 339 (1998)
S. Breer, H. Vogt, I. Nee, K. Buse, Electron. Lett. 34, 2419 (1998)
M.M. Fejer, G.A. Magel, D.H. Jundt, R.L. Byer, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 263 (1992)
C. Becker, A. Greiner, T. Oesselke, A. Pape, W. Sohler, H. Suche, Opt. Lett. 23, 1194 (1998)
B. Andreas, K. Peithmann, K. Buse, Modification of the refractive index of lithium niobate crystals by transmission of high energy 4He2+ and D+ particles. Appl. Phys 84, 3813–3815 (2004)
D.-C. Su, C.-C. Hsu, Method for determining the optical axis and (n e, n o) of a birefringent crystal. Appl. Opt. 41, 3936–3940 (2002)
Y.-C. Huang, C. Chou, M. Chang, Direct measurement o refractive indices (n e, n o) of a linear birefringent retardation plate. Opt. Commun. 133, 11–16 (1997)
R.P. Shukla, G.M. Perera, M.C. George, P. Venkateswarlu, Measurement of birefringence of optical materials using a wedged plate interferometer. Opt. Commun. 78, 7–12 (1990)
M.-H. Chiu, C.-D. Chen, D.-C. Su, Method for determining the fast axis and phase retardation of a wave plate. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 1924–1929 (1996)
G.E. Jellison Jr., F.A. Modine, L.A. Boatner, Measurementof the optical functions of uniaxial materials by twomodulator generalized ellipsometry: rutile (TiO2). Opt. Lett. 22, 1808–1810 (1997)
J.D. Hecht, A. Eifler, V. Riede, M. Schubert, G. Krauss, V. Krämer, Birefringence and reflectivity of single-crystal CdAl2Se2 by generalized ellipsometry. Phys. Rev. B 57, 7037–7042 (1998)
D.F. Heller, O. Kafri, J. Krasinnski, Appl. Opt. 33, 3037 (1985)
J.C. Bhattacharya, Appl. Opt. 40, 1658 (2001)
P.S.K. Lee, J.B. Pors, M.P. van Exter, J.P. Woerdeman, Simple method for accurate haracterization of birefringent crystals. Appl. Opt. 44, 866–870 (2005)
S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, A. Finizio, P. De Natale, S. Grilli, G. Pierattini, A Mach–Zehnder interferometer system for measuring the refractive indices of uniaxial crystals. Opt. Commun. 202, 9–15 (2002)
L.H. Takeda, S. Kobayashy, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 156 (1982)
T. Fukano, L. Yamaguchi, Simultaneous measurements of thickness and refractive indices of multiple layers bu low coherence confocal coherence interference microscope. Opt. Lett. 21, 1942–1944 (1986)
G.J. Tearney, M.E. Brezinski, J.F. Southern, B.E. Bouma, M.R. Hee, G. Fujimoto, Determination of the refractive index of light scattering human tissue by optical coherence tomography. Opt. Lett. 20, 2258–2260 (1995)
M. Haruna, M. Ohmi, Y. Mitsuyama, H. Tajiri, H. Maruyama, M. Hashimoto, Simultaneous measurement of the phase and group indices and the thickness of transparent plates by low coherence interferometry. Opt. Lett. 23, 966–968 (1998)
J.C. Martinez-Anton, E. Bernabeu, Simultaneous determination of film thickness and refractive index by interferential spectrogoniometry. Opt. Commun. 132, 312–328 (1996)
G. Coppola, P. Ferraro, M. Iodice, S. De Nicola, Method for measuring the refractive index and the thickness of transparent plates with a lateral-shear, wavelength-scanning interferometer. Appl. Opt. 42, 3882–3887 (2003)
L. Byer, Nonlinear optics and solid-state lasers: 2000. IEEE J. Select. Top. Quantum Electron. 6, 911–930 (2000)
N.G.R. Broderick, G.W. Ross, H.L. Offerhaus, D.J. Richardson, D.C. Hanna, Hexagonally poled lithium niobate: a two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4345–4348 (2000)
S.J. Holmgren, V. Pasiskevicius, S. Wang, F. Laurell, Three-dimensional characterization of the effective second-order nonlinearity in periodically poled crystals. Opt. Lett. 28, 1555–1557 (2003)
M. Yamada, N. Nada, M. Saitoh, K. Watanabe, First-order quasi-phase matched LiNbO3 waveguide periodically poled by applying an external field for efficient blue second-harmonic generation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 435–436 (1993)
S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, P. De Natale, M. Chiarini, Investigation on reversed domain structures in lithium niobate crystals patterned by interference lithography. Opt. Express 11, 392–405 (2003). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-11-4-392
M.J. Missey, S. Russell, V. Dominic, R.G. Batchko, K.L. Schepler, Real-time visualization of domain formation in periodically poled lithium niobate. Opt. Express 6, 186–195 (2000)
V. Gopalan, T.E. Mitchell, Wall velocities, switching times, and the stabilization mechanism of 180○ domains in congruent LiTaO3 crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 941–954 (1998)
K. Terabe, M. Nakamura, S. Takekawa, K. Kitamura, S. Higuchi, Y. Gotoh, Y. Cho, Microscale to nanoscale ferroelectric domain and surface engineering of a near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystal. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(3), 433–435 (2003)
G. Rosenman, P. Urenski, A. Agronin, Y. Rosenwaks, M. Molotskii, Submicron ferroelectric domain structures tailored by high voltage scanning probe microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(1), 103–105 (2003)
M. Mohageg, D. Strekalov, A. Savchenkov, A. Matsko, V. Ilchenko, L. Maleki, Calligraphic poling of lithium niobate. Opt. Express 13, 3408–3419 (2005). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-9-3408
K. Nassau, H.J. Levinstein, G.M. Loiacono, Ferroelectric lithium niobate. 1. Growth, domain structure, dislocations and etching. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 27, 983–988 (1966)
V. Gopalan, M.C. Gupta, Origin of internal field and visualization of 180○ domains in congruent LiTaO3 crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 80, 6099–6106 (1996)
M. Flörsheimer, R. Paschotta, U. Kubitscheck, Ch. Brillert, D. Hofmann, L. Heuer, G. Schreiber, C. Verbeek, W. Sohler, H. Fuchs, Second-harmonic imaging of ferroelectric domains in LiNbO3 with micron resolution in lateral and axial directions. Appl. Phys. B 67, 593–599 (1998)
T.J. Yang, V. Gopalan, P.J. Swart, U. Mohideen, Direct observation of pinning and bowing of a single ferroelectric domain wall. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4106–4109 (1999)
J. Wittborn, C. Canalias, K.V. Rao, R. Clemens, H. Karlsson, F. Laurell, Nanoscale imaging of domains and domain walls in periodically poled ferroelectrics using atomic force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1622–1624 (2002)
M.C. Wengler, M. Müller, E. Soergel, K. Buse, Poling dynamics of lithium niobate crystals. Appl. Phys. B 76, 393–396 (2003)
V. Gopalan, S.S.A. Gerstl, A. Itagi, T.E. Mitchell, Q.X. Jia, T.E. Schlesinger, D.D. Stancil, Mobility of 180○ domain walls in congruent LiTaO3 measured using real-time electro-optic imaging microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 86, 1638–1646 (1999)
V. Gopalan, T.E. Mitchell, In situ video observation of 180○ domain switching in LiTaO3 by electro-optic imaging microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2304–2311 (1999)
V. Goapalan, Q.X. Jia, T.E. Mitchell, In situ observation of 180○ domain kinetics in congruent LiNbO3 crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 2482–2484 (1999)
S. Kim, V. Gopalan, K. Kitamura, Y. Furukawa, Domain reversal and nonstoichiometry in lithium tantalate. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 2949–2963 (2001)
M.J. Missey, S. Russell, V. Dominic, R.G. Batchko, K.L. Schepler, Real-time visualization of domain formation in periodically poled lithium niobate. Opt. Express 6, 186–195 (2000)
M. Müller, E. Soergel, K. Buse, Visualization of ferroelectric domains with coherent light. Opt. Lett. 28, 2515–2517 (2003)
M. Müller, E. Soergel, K. Buse, Light deflection from ferroelectric domain structures in congruent lithium tantalate crystals. Appl. Opt. 43, 6344–6347 (2004)
M. Müller, E. Soergel, M.C. Wengler, K. Buse, Light deflection from ferroelectric domain boundaries. Appl. Phys. B 78, 367–370 (2004)
S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, R. Meucci, Whole optical wavefields reconstruction by digital holography. Opt. Express 9, 294–302 (2001). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-9-6-294
S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, Correct-image reconstruction in the presence of severe anamorphism by means of digital holography. Opt. Lett. 26, 974–976 (2001)
P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, G. Coppola, Digital hoplography: recent advancements and prospective improvements for applications in microscopy, in Optical Imaging Sensors and Systems for Homeland Security Applications, ed. by B. Javidi (Springer, New York, 2006), pp. 47–84, Chap. 3
P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, G. Coppola, Controlling image recostruction process, in digital holography, in Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Display, Principles and Applications, ed. by T.-C. Poon (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 173–212
S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, P. De Natale, In-situ visualization, monitoring and analysis of electric field domain reversal process in ferroelectric crystals by digital holography. Opt. Express 12, 1832–1842 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-9-1832
C. Canalias, S. Wang, V. Pasiskevicius, F. Laurell, Nucleation and growth of periodic domains during electric field poling in flux-grown KTiOPO4 observed by atomic force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 032905 (2006)
C. Canalias, J. Hirohashi, V. Pasiskevicius, F. Laurell, Polarization-switching characteristics of flux-grown KTiOPO4 and RbTiOPO4 at room temperature. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 124105 (2005)
Z.W. Hu, P.A. Thomas, W.P. Risk, Studies of periodic ferroelectric domains in KTiOPO4 using high-resolution X-ray scattering and diffraction imaging. Phys. Rev. B 59, 14259–14264 (1999)
J. Hellström, R. Clemens, V. Pasiskevicius, H. Karlsson, F. Laurell, Real-time and in-situ monitoring of ferroelectric domains during periodic electric field poling of KTiOPO4. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 1489–1495 (2001)
C. Canalias, V. Pasiskevicius, F. Laurell, S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, In-situ visualization of domain kinetics in flux grown KTiOPO4 by digital holography. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 064105 (2007)
M. de Angelis, P. Ferraro, S. Grilli, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, M. Paturzo, G. Pierattini, Evaluation of the internal field in lithium niobate ferroelectric domains by an interferometric method. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2785 (2004)
S. Kim, V. Gopalan, K. Kitamura, Y. Furukawa, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 2949 (2001)
H. Donneberg, S.M. Tomlinson, C.R.A. Catlow, O.F. Schirmer, Phys. Rev. B 40, 11909 (1989)
A.V. Yatsenko, E.N. Ivanova, N.A. Sergeev, Physica B 240, 254 (1997)
J.-H. Ro, M. Cha, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2391 (2000)
G. Arlt, H. Neumann, Ferroelectrics 87, 109 (1988)
A.V. Yatsenko, Phys. Solid State 40, 109 (1998)
M. Paturzo, L. Aiello, F. Pignatiello, P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, M. de Angelis, S. De Nicola, Investigation of optical birefringence at ferroelectric domain wall in LiNbO3 by phase-shift polarimetry. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 151918–151920 (2006)
T.J. Yang, U. Mohideen, Phys. Lett. A 250, 205 (1998)
T.Y. Chen, C.H. Lin, Opt. Lasers Eng. 30, 527 (1998)
A. Asundi, L. Tong, C.G. Boay, Appl. Opt. 38, 5931 (1999)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferraro, P., Grilli, S., Paturzo, M., De Nicola, S. (2009). Visual and Quantitative Characterization of Ferroelectric Crystals and Related Domain Engineering Processes by Interferometric Techniques. In: Ferraro, P., Grilli, S., De Natale, P. (eds) Ferroelectric Crystals for Photonic Applications. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 91. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77965-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77965-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-77963-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-77965-0
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)