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Vascular Endothelial Responses to Disturbed Flow: Pathologic Implications for Atherosclerosis

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Bioengineering in Cell and Tissue Research

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is prone to develop at branches and bends of the arterial tree, where laminar blood flow is disturbed by recirculation, with a non-uniform and irregular distribution of wall shear stress. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form an interface between the flowing blood and the vessel wall, and are exposed to blood flow-induced shear stress. Recent evidence suggests that laminar blood flow and sustained high shear stress modulate the expression of EC genes and proteins that function to protect against atherosclerosis, whereas disturbed flow and the associated oscillatory and low shear stress up-regulate pro-atherosclerotic genes and proteins that promote development of atherosclerosis. Understanding of the effects of disturbed flow on ECs not only provides mechanistic insights into the role of complex flow patterns in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but also helps to define the differences between quiescent (non-atherogenic) and activated (atherogenic) ECs, which may lead to the discovery and identification of new therapeutic strategies. In this chapter, we summarize the current experimental and theoretical knowledge on the effects of disturbed flow on ECs, in terms of their signal transduction, gene expression, structure, and function. Our purpose is to provide the basic information on the effects of disturbed flow on ECs that is necessary to understand the etiology of lesion development in the disturbed flow-regions of the arterial tree.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, China

    Jeng-Jiann Chiu

  2. Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 92093-0412, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Shunichi Usami

  3. Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 92093-0427, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Shu Chien

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  1. Jeng-Jiann Chiu
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  2. Shunichi Usami
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  1. Cellular Engineering, Aachen University of Sciences, Ginsterweg 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany

    Gerhard M. Artmann

  2. Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering San Diego, University of California, 92093-0412, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Shu Chien

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Chiu, JJ., Usami, S., Chien, S. (2008). Vascular Endothelial Responses to Disturbed Flow: Pathologic Implications for Atherosclerosis. In: Artmann, G., Chien, S. (eds) Bioengineering in Cell and Tissue Research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75409-1_19

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