Abstract
We are surrounded by a natural world of massively parallel, decentralized biological “information processing” systems, a world that exhibits fascinating emergent properties in many ways. In fact, our very own bodies are the result of emergent patterns, as the development of any multi-cellular organism is determined by localized interactions among an enormous number of cells, carefully orchestrated by enzymes, signalling proteins and other molecular “agents”. What is particularly striking about these highly distributed developmental processes is that a centralized control agency is completely absent. This is also the case for many other biological systems, such as termites which build their nests—without an architect that draws a plan, or brain cells evolving into a complex ‘mind machine’—without an explicit blueprint of a network layout.
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Jacob, C. (2008). Dancing with Swarms: Utilizing Swarm Intelligence to Build, Investigate, and Control Complex Systems. In: Hingston, P.F., Barone, L.C., Michalewicz, Z. (eds) Design by Evolution. Natural Computing Series. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74111-4_5
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