Abstract
This chapter attempts to approach the fibre optic humidity sensing technology to scientists unfamiliar with the field. A general review of this type of sensors is presented here with emphasis in the techniques based on nanostructured coatings. These devices have been classified according to the sensing mechanism and taking also into account the different methods of fabrication and the sensing materials they are based on.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Fuhr, P.L.; Huston, D.R., Corrosion detection in reinforced concrete roadways and bridges via embedded fibre optic sensors. In: Smart Mater. Struct., 1998, 7, 217–228.
Cooper, K.R.; Elster, J.; Jones, M.; Kelly, R.G., Optical fibre-based corrosion sensor systems for health monitoring of aging aircraft, In: Autotestcon Proceedings, IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference, Aug. 2001, 847–856, 20–23.
Bownass, D.C.; Barton, J.S.; Jones, J.D.C., Detection of high humidity by optical fibre sensing at telecommunications wavelengths, Optics Communications, 15 January 1998, 146 (1), 90–94(5).
Mc Murtry, S.; Wright, J.D.; Jackson, D.A., Sensing applications of a low-coherence fibre-optic interferometer measuring the refractive index of air, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 5 January 2001, 72 (1), 69–74.
Matsumoto, S., New air density and absolute humidity sensors using optical fibre cable and alpha-rays, Meas. Sci. Technol. 2001, 12, 865–870.
McMurtry, S.; Wright, J.D.; Jackson, D. A., A multiplexed low coherence interferometric system for humidity sensing, Sensors and Actuators B, 2000, 67, 52–56.
Brook, T.E.; Narayanaswamy, R., Polymeric films in optical gas sensors, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, 1998, 51(1–3), 77–83.
Raimundo, I.M., Jr. Narayanaswamy, R., Evaluation of Nafion-Crystal Violet films for the construction of an optical relative humidity sensor, Analyst, 1999, 124(11),1623–1627.
Corera, F. P.; Gaston A.; Sevilla, J.; Relative humidity sensor based on side-polished fibre optic, Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2000. IMTC 2000.
Ballantine, D.S.; Wohltjen, H., Optical waveguide humidity detector, Analytical Chemistry, 1986, 58(13), 2883–2885.
Russel, A.P.; Fletcher, K.S., Optical sensor for the determination of moisture, Anal. Chim. Acta 1985, 170, 209–216.
Zhou, Q.; Shahriari, M.R.; Kritz, D.; Sigel G.H. Jr., Porous fibre optic sensor for high sensitivity humidity measurements, Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 2317–2320.
Boltinghouse, F.; Abel, K. Development of an optical relative humidity sensor. Cobalt chloride optical absorbency sensor study, Analytical Chemistry, 1989, 61(17), 1863–1866.
Choi, M.M.F.; Ling, T.O., Humidity-sensitive optode membrane based on a fluorescent dye immobilized in gelatin film, Analytica Chimica Acta, 1999, 378(1–3), 127–134.
Otsuki, S.; Adachi, K.; Taguchi T., A novel fibre-optic gas-sensing configuration using extremely curved optical fibres and an attempt for optical humidity detection, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, 1998, 53(1–2), 91–96.
Campo, J.C.; Perez, M.A.; Gonzalez, M.; Ferrero, F.J., Measurement of air moisture by the phosphorescence lifetime of a sol-gel based sensor, Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2000. IMTC 2000, 1, 273–276.
Bariain, C.; Matias, I.R.; Arregui, F.J.; Lopez-Amo, M., Optical fibre humidity sensor based on a tapered fibre coated with agarose gel, Sensors and Actuators B, 2000, 69, 127–131.
Gupta, B.D.; Ratnanjali, A novel probe for a fibre optic humidity sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 20 November 2001, 80 (2), 132–135(4).
Corres, J.M.; Arregui, F.J.; Matias, I.R., Sensitivity optimization of tapered optical fibre humidity sensors by means of tuning the thickness of nanostructured sensitive coatings, Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, 2007, 122(2), 442–449.
Corres, J.M.; Bravo, J.; Matias, I.R.; Arregui, F.J., Nonadiabatic tapered single-mode fibre coated with humidity sensitive nano-films, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2006, 18(8), 935–937.
Corres, J.M.; Arregui, F.J.; Matias, I.R., Design of humidity sensors based on tapered optical fibres, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2006, 24(11), 4329–4336.
Matias, I.R.; Arregui, F.J.; Corres, J.M.; Bravo, J., Evanescent field fibre-optic sensors for humidity monitoring based on nanocoatings, IEEE Sensors Journal, 7(1), 89–95.
Bravo, J.; Matias, I.R.; DelVillar, I.; Corres, J.M.; Arregui, F.J., Nano-films on hollow core fibre-based structures: An optical study, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2006, 24(5), 2100–2107.
Matias, I.R.; Bravo, J.; Arregui, F.J.; Corres, J.M., Nano-films on a hollow core fibre, Optical Engineering, 2006, 45(5), Art. No. 050503.
Del Villar, I.; Corres, J.M.; Achaerandio, M.; Arregui, F.J.; Matias, I.R., Spectral evolution with incremental nanocoating of long period fibre gratings, Optics Express, 2006, 14(25), 11972–11981.
Jindal, R.; Tao, S.; Singh, J.P.; Gaikwad, P.S., High dynamic range fibre optic relative humidity sensor, Opt. Eng., May 2002, 41(5), 1093–1096.
Iler, R.J.J. Multilayers of colloidal particles, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, June 1966, 21 (6), 569–594.
Decher, G.; Fuzzy Nanoassemblies: Toward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites, Science, 1997, 277: 1232–1237.
Lvov, Y., Ariga, K., Ichinose, I., Kunitake, T., Assembly of multicomponent protein films by means of electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117(22),6117–6123.
Ariga, K.; Lvov, Y.; Kunitake, T., Assembling alternate dye-polyion molecular films by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119(9), 2224–2231.
Liu, Y.; Wang, A.; Claus, R., Molecular self-assembly of TiO2/polymer nanocomposite films, J. Phys. Chem. B., (Article), 1997, 101(8), 1385–1388.
Liu, Y.J.; Wang, A.B.; Claus, R.O., Layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly of nanoscale Fe3O4 particles and polyimide precursor on silicon and silica surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1997, 71, 2265–2267.
Liu, Y.J.; Wang, A.B.; Claus, R.O., Layer-by-layer ionic self-assembly of Au colloids into multilayer thin-films with bulk metal conductivity, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1998, 298, 315–319.
Lenahan, K. M.; Wang, A. B.; Liu, Y. J.; Claus, R. O., Novel polymer dyes for nonlinear optical applications using ionic self-assembled monolayer technology. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 853–855.
Donath, E.; Sukhorukov, G. B.; Caruso, F.; Davis, S.A.; Mohwald, H., Novel hollow polymer shells by colloid-templated assembly of polyelectrolytes. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 1998, 37, 2202–2205.
Caruso, F.; Caruso, R. A.; Mohwald, H., Nanoengineering of inorganic and hybrid hollow spheres by colloidal templating, Science, 1998, 282, 1111–1114.
Caruso, F.; Lichtenfeld, H.; Donath, E.; Mohwald, H., Investigation of electrostatic interactions in polyelectrolyte multilayer films: binding of anionic fluorescent probes to lLayers assembled onto colloids, Macromolecules, 1999, 32, 2317–2328.
Chen, L. H.; McBranch, D. W.; Wang, H. L.; Helgeson, R.; Wudl, F.; Whitten, D. G., Highly sensitive biological and chemical sensors based on reversible fluorescence quenching in a conjugated polymer, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1999, 96, 12287.
Dubas, S. T.; Schlenoff, J. B., Factors controlling the growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers, Macromolecules, 1999, 32, 8153–8160.
Mamedov, A. A.; Kotov, N. A.; Prato, M.; Guldi, D. M.; Wicksted, J. P.; Hirsch, A., Molecular design of strong single-wall carbon nanotube/polyelectrolyte multilayer composites, Nature Materials 2002, 1, 190.
Nakagawa, M.; Oh, S. K.; Ichimura, K., Photopatterning and visualization of adsorbed monolayers of bis(l-benzyl-4-pyridinio)elhylene moieties, Adv. Mater., 2000, 12, 403–407.
Ho, P.K.H.; Kim, J.S.; Burroughes, J.H.; Becker, H.; Li, S.F.Y.; Brown, T.M.; Cacialli, F.; Friend, R.H., Molecular-scale interface engineering for polymer light-emitting diodes, Nature, 2000, 404 (6777), 481–484.
Shiratori, S. S.; Rubner, M. F., pH-dependent thickness behavior of sequentially adsorbed layers of weak polyelectrolytes, Macromolecules, 2000, 33, 4213–4219.
Bertrand, P.; Jonas, A.; Laschewsky, A.; Legras R., Ultrathin polymer coatings by complexation of polyelectrolytes at interfaces: Suitable materials, structure and properties, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2000, 21, 319–348.
Mendelsohn, J.D.; Barret, C.J.; Chan, V.V.; Pal, A.J.; Mayes, A.M.; Rubner, M.F., Fabrication of microporous thin films from polyelectrolyte multilayers, Langmuir, 2000, 16, 5017–5023.
Mattoussi, H.; Mauro, J.M.; Goldman, E.R.; Anderson, G.P.; Sundar, V.C.; Mikulec, F.V.; Bawendi, M.G., Self-assembly of CdSe-ZnS quantum dot bioconjugates using an engineered recombinant protein, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12142–12150.
Schreiber, F., Structure and growth of self-assembling monolayers, Progress in Surface Science, 2000, 62, 151–256.
Caruso, F., Nanoengineering of particle surfaces, Adv. Mater. 2001, 122, 11–22.
Adams, D.M.; Brus, L.; Chidsey C.E.D.; Creager, S.; Creutz, C.; Kagan, C.R.; Kamat, P.V.; Lieberman, M.; Lindsay, S.; Marcus, R.A.; Metzger, R.M.; Michel-Beyerle, M.E.; Miller, J.R.; Newton, M.D.; Rolison, D.R.; Sankey, O.; Schanze, K.S.; Yardley, J.; Zhu, X.Y., Charge transfer on the nanoscale: Current status, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107, 6668–6697.
Schönhoff, M., Self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers, Current Opinion in Coll. Interf. Sci. 2003, 8, 86.
Thünemann, A.F.; Müller, M.; Dautzenberg, H.; Joanny, J.-F.; Löwen, H., Polyelectrolyte Complexes, Advances in Polymer Science 2004, 166, 113–171.
Hammond, P.T., Form and function in multilayer assembly: New applications at the nanoscale, Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1271–1293.
Choi, J.; Rubner, M.F., Influence of the degree of ionization on weak polyelectrolyte multilayer assembly, Macromolecules, 2005, 38, 116–124.
Del Villar, I.; Matias, I.R.; Arregui, F.J., LBL-based in-fibre nanocavity for hydrogen-peroxide detection, IEEE Trans. on Nanotech. 2005, 4, 187–193.
Hu, W.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Liu, S.; Zhou, S.; Zeng, P.; Zhu, D.B., The gas sensitivity of Langmuir-Blodgett films of a new asymmetrically substituted phthalocyanine. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem., 1999, 56, 228–233.
Bariain, C.; Matias, I.R.; Fernandez-Valdivielso, C.; Arregui, F.J.; Rodríguez-Méndez, M.L.; DLbLja, J.A., Optical fibre sensor based on lutetium bisphthalocyanine for the detection of gases using standard telecommunication wavelengths. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem., 2003, 93, 153–158.
Gutierrez, N.; Rodríguez-Méndez, M.L.; De Saja, J.A., Array of sensors based on lanthanide bisphthalocyanine Langmuir-Blodgett films for the detection of olive oil aroma. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 2001, 77, 437–442.
Dakin, J.; Culshaw, B., Optical fibre sensors. Principles and components, Norwood, MA: Artech House. 1988, pp. 63–64.
Arregui, F.J.; Matias, I.R.; Liu, Y.J.; Lenahan, K.M.; Claus, R.O., Optical fibre nanometer-scale Fabry-Perot interferometer formed by the ionic self-assembly monolayer process, Opt Lett., 1999, 24, 596–598.
Arregui, F.J.; Liu, Y.; Matias, I.R.; Claus, R.O.; Optical fibre humidity sensor using a nano Fabry–Perot cavity formed by the ionic self-assembly method, Sensors and Actuators B 59 1999.54–59
Corres, J. M.; Matias, I. R.; Hernaez, M.; Bravo, J.; Arregui, F. J., Optical fibre humidity sensors using nanostructured coatings of SiO2 nanoparticles, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 3, March 2008, pp. 281–285.
Khalil, S.; Bansal, L.; El-Sherif, M., Intrinsic fibre optic chemical sensor for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate. Opt. Eng., 2004, 43, 2683–2688.
Otsuki, S.; Adachi, K.; Taguchi, T.; A novel fibre-optic gas-sensing configuration using extremely curved optical fibres and an attempt for optical humidity detection, Sensors and Actuators B, 1998, 53, 91–96.
Senosiain, J.; Díaz, I.; Gastón, A.; Sevilla, J., High sensitivity temperature sensor based on side-polished optical fibre. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2001, 50, 1656–1660.
Sumdia, S.; Okazaki, S.; Asakura, S.; Nakagawa, H.; Murayama, H.; Hasegawa, T., Distributed hydrogen determination with fibre-optic sensor. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 2005, 108, 508–514.
Cherif, K.; Mrazek, J.; Hleli, S.; Matejec, V.; Abdelghani, A.; Chomat, M.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Kasik, I., Detection of aromatic hydrocarbons in air and water by using xerogel layers coated on PCS fibres excited by an inclined collimated beam. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem., 2003, 95, 97–106.
Suzuki, O.; Miura, M.; Morisawa, M.; Muto, S., POF-type optic humidity sensor and its application (as breathing-condition monitor), in: Proceedings of the 15th Optical Fibre Sensors Conference (OFS 2002), Technical Digest, Orlando, OR, 2002, pp. 447–450.
Yuan, J.; El-Sherif, A. Fibre-optic chemical sensor using polyaniline as modified cladding material. IEEE Sensor. J. 2003, 3, 5–12.
Haddock, H.S.; Shankar, P. M.; Mutharasan, R., Fabrication of biconical tapered optical fibres using hydrofluoric acid. Materials science and engineering B, 2003, 97, 87–93.
Yuan, L.; Qui, A., Analysis of a single-mode fibre with taper lens end, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 1992, 9, 950–952.
Senior, J.M., Optical fibre communications. Principles and practice, Prentice Hall, Hertfordshire, 2nd edn., 1992, pp. 40–58.
Black, R.J.; Bourbonnais, R., Core-mode cutoff for finite-cladding lightguides, IEE Proceedings-J., 133 1986, (6), 277–384.
Love, J.D.; Henry, W.M.; Stewart, W.J.; Black, R.J.; Lacroix, S.; Gonthier, F., Tapered single-mode fibres and devices. Part 1: Adiabatic criteria, IEE Proceedings-J, 1991, 138(5), 343–353.
Bobb, L.C.; Shankar, P.M.; Krumboltz, H.D., Bending effects in biconically tapered single-mode fibres, J. Light. and Tech. 1990, 8, 1084–1090
Birks, T. A.; Russell, P.; St. and Pannel, C. N.; Low power acousto-optic device based on a tapered single mode fibre, IEEE Phot. Tech. Let. 1994, 6 725–727.
Shankar, P.M.; Bobb, L. C.; Krumboltz, H.D.; Coupling of modes in bent biconically tapered single-mode fibres, J. of Light. Techn., 1991, 9(7), 832–837.
Matías, I.R.; Corres, J. M.; Arregui, F. J.; Bravo, J., Humidity sensors using nano-films deposited on hollow core fibres, SPIE Newsroom, International Society for Optical Engineering.
Rees, N. D.; James, S. W.; Tatam, R. P.; Ashwell, G. J., Optical fibre long-period gratings with Langmuir-Blodgett thin-film overlays, Opt. Lett., 2002, 27, 686–688.
Del Villar, I.; Achaerandio, M.; Matias, I. R.; Arregui, F. J., Deposition of overlays by electrostatic self-assembly in long-period fibre gratings, Opt. Lett., 2005, 30, 720–722.
Wang, Z. Y.; Heflin, J. R.; Stolen, R. H.; Ramachandran, S., Analysis of optical response of long period fibre gratings to nm-thick thin-film coatings, Opt. Exp., 2005, 13, 2808–2813.
Kim, D.W.; Zhang, Y.; Cooper, K.L.; Wang, A., In-fibre reflection mode interferometer based on a long-period grating for external refractive-index measurement, App. Opt., 2006, 44, 5368.
Chen, Q.; Lee, J.; Lin, M.R.; Wang, Y.; Yin, S.S.; Zhang, Q.M.; Reichard, K.A., Investigation of tuning characteristics of electrically tunable long-period gratings with a precise four-layer model, J. Lightwave Technol., 2006, 24, 2954–2962.
Cusano, A.; Iadicicco, A.; Pilla, P.; Contessa, L.; Campopiano, S.; Cutolo, A.; Giordano, M., Cladding mode reorganization in high-refractive-index-coated long-period gratings: Effects on the refractive-index sensitivity, Opt. Lett., 2005, 30, 2536–2538.
Pilla, P.; Iadicicco, A.; Contessa, L.; Campopiano, S.; Cutolo, A.; Giordano, M.; Cusano, A., Optical chemo-sensor based on long period gratings coated with δ form syndiotactic polystyrene, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2005, 17, 1713–1715.
Cusano, A.; Iadicicco, A.; Pilla, P.; Contessa, L.; Campopiano, S.; Cutolo, A.; Giordano, M., Mode transition in high refractive index coated long period gratings, Opt. Express, 2006, 14, 19–34.
Erdogan, T.; Fibre grating spectra, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, 15, 1277–1294.
Anemogiannis, E.; Glytsis E. N.; Gaylord, T. K., Transmission characteristics of long-period fibre gratings having arbitrary azimuthal/radial refractive index variations, J. Lightwave Technol., 2003, 21, 218–227.
Del Villar, I.; Matias, I. R.; Arregui, F. J.; Lalanne, P., Optimization of sensitivity in long period fibre gratings with overlay deposition, Opt. Express, 2005, 13, 56–69.
Del Villar, I.; Matias, I.R.; Arregui, F.J.; Achaerandio, M., Nanodeposition of materials with complex refractive index in long-period fibre gratings, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2005, 23(12), 4192–4199.
Chung, K.W.; Yin, S., Analysis of a widely tunable long-period grating by use of an ultrathin cladding layer and higher-order cladding mode coupling, Opt. Lett., 2004, 29, 812–814.
Lyons, E.R.; Lee, H.P., Demonstration of an etched cladding fibre Bragg grating filter with reduced tuning force requirement, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 1999, 11, 1626–1628.
Viegas, D.; Goicoechea, J.; Corres, J.M.; Matias, I.R.; Araújo, F.M.; Santos, J.L., Humidity sensing based on SiO_2-nanospheres onto a Long-Period Fibre Grating, OFS-2008 Optical Fibre Sensors International Conference.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Corres, J.M., Matias, I.R., Arregui, F.J. (2008). Optical Fibre Humidity Sensors Using Nano-films. In: Mukhopadhyay, S., Huang, R. (eds) Sensors. Lecture Notes Electrical Engineering, vol 21. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69033-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69033-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-69030-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69033-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)