Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Australian School Psychology pp 413–434Cite as

Understanding and Responding to Crisis and Trauma in the School Setting

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 7781 Accesses

Abstract

Unfortunately many children experience trauma through a single incident and/or in response to chronic abuse and neglect. In many cases, these children require psychological assistance that targets the trauma symptoms and related difficulties. This assistance often happens in the school setting with school psychologists playing a critical role because of their relevant mental health training. School personnel, teachers, and parents/carers often rely on the school psychologist to provide up to date and relevant information that is informed by research regarding how to best support children who have experienced trauma. In this chapter, attention will be given to the role of the school psychologist in the assessment and treatment of trauma from an Australian context. An overview of crisis and trauma will be presented followed by a discussion of different interventions at varied levels within the educational system, including primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. Specific school-based interventions for posttraumatic stress will be described as well as an overview of other approaches and resources that are available for managing trauma in the school setting. Specific examples of responses to local disasters will be discussed, which highlight the need for a whole school approach to trauma management. Finally, key challenges and future directions are presented. There is a clear need for the continued development and implementation of novel trauma-informed strategies in educational settings that best meet the needs of children affected by crisis and trauma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   309.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., … Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174–186. doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4

  • Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2013, November). A meta-analysis of PTSD rates after potential trauma: How many children are at risk? In Kassam-Adams (Chair), Understanding PTSD risk in children: Recent work on incidence, risk factors and validation of screening measures. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Centre for Post Traumatic Mental Health. (2013). Australian guidelines for the treatment of Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Melbourne, VIC: ACPMH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Psychological Society Limited. (2013). Helping children who have been affected by bushfires: Guidelines for parents and carers. Melbourne, VIC: The Australian Psychological Society Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, S. J., Stover, C. S., & Marans, S. R. (2011). The child and family traumatic stress intervention: Secondary prevention for youth at risk of developing PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 676–685. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02321.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigfoot, D. S., & Schmidt, S. R. (2010). Honoring children, mending the circle: Cultural adaption of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for American Indian and Alaska Native children. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 66, 847–856. doi:10.1002/jclp.20707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bokszczanin, A. (2007). PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents 28 months after a flood: Age and gender differences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 346–351. doi:10.1002/jts.20220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brassard, M. R., Rivelis, E., & Diaz, V. (2009). School-based counseling of abused children. Psychology in the Schools, 46(3), 206–217. doi:10.1002/pits.20365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (1996). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R. A. (2003). Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53(9), 789–795. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01895-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R. A., Salmon, K., Sinclair, E., & Davidson, P. (2007). A prospective study of appraisals in childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2502–2507. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brymer, M., Jacobs, A., Layne, C., Pynoos, R., Ruzek, J., Steinberg, A., … Watson, P. (2006, July). Psychological first aid: field operations (2nd ed.). National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD. http://www.nctsn.org and http://www.ncptsd.va.gov

  • Chen, S. H., Lin, Y. H., Tseng, H. M., & Wu, Y. C. (2002). Posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents one year after the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 25(5), 597–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobham, V. E., March, S., De Young, A., Leeson, F., Nixon, R., … Kenardy, J. (2012). Involving parents in indicated early intervention for childhood PTSD following accidental injury. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 345–363. doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0124-9

  • Cohen, J. A., Bukstein, O., Walter, H., Benson, S. R., Chrisman, A., Farchione, T. R., et al. (2010). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(4), 414–430. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.12.020.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., & Steer, R. A. (2004). A multi-site randomized controlled trial for sexually abused children with PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393–402. doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1996). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: Initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(1), 42–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Interventions for sexually abused children: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 3(1), 17–26. doi:10.1177/1077559598003001002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children & adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (Eds.). (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: Treatment applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, S. F., O’Brien, J. G., Gadd, M. G., Ristuccia, J., Wallace, D. L., & Gregory, M. (2005). Helping traumatized children learn: Supportive school environments for children traumatized by family violence. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Advocates for Children. http://www.massadvocates.org/documents/HTCL_9-09.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. L. (2008). The federal case for school-based mental health services and supports. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(1), 4–8. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815aac71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, D. A. (2013). A resilience framework for treating severe child trauma. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 309–327). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_18.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • De Arellano, M.A., Waldrop, A. E., Deblinger, E., Cohen, J. A., Danielson, C. K., & Mannarino, A. P. (2005). Community outreach program for child victims of traumatic events: A community-based project for underserved populations. Behavior Modification, 29(1), 130-155. doi: 10.1177/01-45445504270878.

  • Deblinger, E., Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2012). Introduction. In J. A. Cohen, A. P. Mannarino, & E. Deblinger (Eds.), Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: Treatment applications (pp. 1–26). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., & Steer, R. A. (2006). A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms: Examining predictors of treatment response. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1474–1484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deblinger, E., Steer, R. A., & Lippmann, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(12), 1371–1378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD). (2012). Student support services guidelines. Victoria, Australia: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Young, A., Kenardy, J. A., & Cobham, V. E. (2011). Diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 375–384. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.563474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, L. (2007). Calmer classrooms: A guide to working with traumatized children. Melbourne, VIC: The Child Safety Commissioner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J., O’Keefe, J., Scott, P., & Wilson, L. (2012). Literature review: A trauma-sensitive approach for children aged 0-8 years. Prepared for the Trauma and young children-a caring approach project Women’s Health Goulburn North East. Funded by the Australian Government Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. www.whealth.com.au/documents/work/trauma/LiteratureReview.pdf

  • Farmer, E. M., Burns, B. J., Phillips, S. D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2003). Pathways into and through mental health services for children and adolescents. Psychiatric Services, 54(1), 60–66. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.1.60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feather, J. S., & Ronan, K. R. (2009). Trauma-focused CBT with maltreated children: A clinic-based evaluation of a new treatment manual. Australian Psychologist, 44(3), 174–194. doi:10.1080/000500609031470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. M., & Cohen, J. A. (2012). Trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy for school psychologists. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 28(3), 294–315. doi:10.1080/15377903.2012.696037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., & Treadwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 376–384. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Grasso, D., Greene, C., Levine, J., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. (2013). Clinical significance of a proposed developmental trauma disorder diagnosis: Results of an international survey of clinicians. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(8), 841–849. doi:10.4088/JCP.12m08030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frewen, P., & Lanius, R. (2015). Healing the traumatized self: Consciousness neuroscience treatment. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigengack, M. R., van Meijel, E. P. M., Alisic, E., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2015). Comparing three diagnostic algorithms of posttraumatic stress in young children exposed to accidental trauma: An exploratory study. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 14. doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0046-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillies, D., Taylor, F., Gray, C., O’Brien, L., & D’Abrew, N. (2013). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 8(3), 1004–1116. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfinch, M. (2009). “Putting humpty together again”: Working with parents to help children who have experienced early trauma. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 30(4), 284–299. doi:10.1375/anft.30.4.284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, K. S. (2014). Using stories to build bridges with traumatized children: Creative ideas for therapy, life story work, direct work and parenting. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. L., Korol, M., Grace, M., Vary, M., Leonard, T., Gleser, G. C., et al. (1991). Children and disaster: Age, gender, and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(6), 945–951. doi:10.1097/00004583-199111000-00012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, S. S., & Radcliff, J. (2006). Current measures of PTSD for children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(4), 420–430. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, B., & Gibbs, M. (2013). Learning for life, Maryborough Education Centre 2005-2013. Presentation for Australian Psychological Society National Psychology Week, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, S.-B., Youssef, G. J., Song, S.-H., Choi, N.-H., Rye, J., McDermott, B., et al. (2014). Different clinical courses of children exposed to a single incident of psychological trauma: A 30 month prospective follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(11), 1226–1233. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Wu, P., Erickson, E. A., Musa, G. J., & Mandell, D. J. (2004). Exposure to trauma and separation anxiety in children after the WTC attack. Applied Developmental Science, 8(4), 172–183. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0804_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaycox, L. H., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Walker, D. W., Langley, A. K., Gegenheimer, K. L., et al. (2010). Children’s mental health care following hurricane Katrina: A field trial of trauma-focused psychotherapies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(2), 223–231. doi:10.1002/jts.20518.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Langley, A. K., & Wong, M. (2012). Cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 28(3), 239–255. doi:10.1080/15377903.2012.695766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., Stein, B. D., Wong, M., Sharma, P., Scott, M., et al. (2009). Support for students exposed to trauma: A pilot study. School Mental Health, 1(2), 49–60. doi:10.1007/s12310-009-9007-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jaycox, L. H., Morse, L. K., Tanielian, T., & Stein, B. D. (2006). How schools can help students recover from traumatic experiences: A tool kit for supporting long-term recovery. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassam-Adams, N., Palmieri, P., Kohser, K., & Marsac, M. L. (2012, November). Child acute stress symptoms: Evidence and implications for diagnostic criteria. In Kerig, P. (Chair), Toward informing a developmentally sensitive DSM-5: Empirical validations of the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and ASD among preschool, school-age, and adolescent samples. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Los Angeles, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassam-Adams, N., Marsac, M. L., & Cirilli, C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure in injured children: Functional impairment and depression symptoms in a confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(6), 616–625. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kassam-Adams, N., & Winston, F. K. (2004). Predicting child PTSD: The relationship between acute stress disorder and PTSD in injured children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 403–411. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000112486.08386.c2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kataoka, S. H., Langley, A., Wong, M., Baweja, S., & Stein, B. (2012). Responding to students with PTSD in schools. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(1), 119–133. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.009.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Escudero, P., Tu, W., … Fink, A. (2003). A school-based mental health program for traumatized Latino immigrant children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 311–318. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00011

  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., … Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021

  • Kenardy, J. A., Spence, S. H., & Macleod, A. C. (2006). Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in children after accidental injury. Pediatrics, 118(3), 1002–1009. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S., … Ollendick, T. H. (2000). Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1346–1355. doi:10.1097/00004583-200011000-00008

  • Knight, C. (2015). Trauma-informed social work practice: Practical considerations and challenges. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43, 25–37. doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0481-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korton, A., & Henderson, S. (2000). The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being: Common psychological symptoms and disablement. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(4), 325–330. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.4.325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koucky, E. M., Galovski, T. E., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2012). Acute stress disorder: Conceptual issues and treatment outcomes. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19, 437–450. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landy, S., & Bradley, S. (2013). Children with multiple mental health challenges: An integrated approach. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langley, A. K., Nadeem, E., Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., & Jaycox, L. H. (2010). Evidence-based mental health programs in schools: Barriers and facilitators of successful implementation. School Mental Health, 2, 105–113. doi:10.1007/s12310-010-9038-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C., Pynoos, R. S., Saltzman, W. R., Arslanagić, B., Black, B., Savjak, N., et al. (2001). Trauma/Grief-focused group psychotherapy: School-based postwar intervention with traumatized Bosnian adolescents. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, 277–290. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.5.4.277

  • Little, S. G., & Akin-Little, A. (2012). Empirically based interventions for children, family, and schools after trauma: Introduction to a Primer for School Psychologists. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 28(3), 221–223. doi:10.1080/15377903.2012.695729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, S. G., Akin-Little, A., & Gutierrez, G. (2009). Children and traumatic events: Therapeutic techniques for psychologists working in the schools. Psychology in the Schools, 46(3), 199–205. doi:10.1002/pits.20364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behavior and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 434–445. doi:10.1038/nrn2639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, D., … Saxe, G. N. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(1), 24–36. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000096619.64367.37

  • McDermott, B., Cobham, V., Berry, H., & Kim, B. (2014). Correlates of persisting posttraumatic symptoms in children and adolescents 18 months after a cyclone disaster. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(1), 80–86. doi:10.1177/0004867413500349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLoone, J., & Rapee, R. (2012). Comparisons of an anxiety management program for children implemented at home and school: Lessons learned. School Mental Health, 4(4), 231–242. doi:10.1007/s12310-012-9088-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacNeil, W., & Topping, K. (2007). Crisis management in schools: Evidence-based prevention. Journal of Educational Enquiry, 7(1), 64–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malchiodi, C. (2015). Neurobiology, creative interventions, and childhood trauma. In C. A. Malchiodi (Ed.), Creative interventions with traumatized children (2nd ed., pp. 3–23). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • March, S., De Young, A., Dow, B., & Kenardy, J. (2012). Assessing trauma-related symptoms in children and adolescents. In J. G. Beck & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of traumatic stress disorders (pp. 262–281). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolin, G., & Vickerman, K. A. (2007). Post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 613–619. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsac, M. L., Donlon, K. A., Hildenbrand, A. K., Winston, F. K., & Kassam-Adams, N. (2014). Understanding recovery in children following traffic-related injuries: Exploring acute traumatic stress reactions, child coping, and coping assistance. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19(2), 233–243. doi:10.1177/1359104513487000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masia-Warner, C., Nangle, D. W., & Hansen, D. J. (2006). Bringing evidence-based child mental health services to the schools: General issues and specific populations. Education and Treatment of Children, 29(2), 165–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A., & Osofsky, J. (2010). Disasters and their impact on child development: Introduction to the special section. Child Development, 81(4), 1029–1039. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01452.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, B. (2014). Mandatory reporting laws for child sexual abuse in Australia: A legislative history, Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Sydney: Commonwealth of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiser-Stedman, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2005). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents involved in assaults or motor vehicle accidents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1381–1383. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, L. (2006). Solving the jigsaw: A clinical review of group process and content. Executive summary. Melbourne, Australia: Family Transitions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooren, T., & Stöfsel, M. (2015). Diagnosing and treating complex trauma. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeem, E., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S. H., Langley, A. K., & Stein, B. D. (2011). Going to scale: Experiences implementing a school-based trauma intervention. School Psychology Review, 40(4), 549–568.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • NCTSN. (2007, March). Cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools. http://www.nctsn.org

  • NCTSN Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma Task Force. (2012). The 12 core concepts: Concepts for understanding traumatic stress responses in children and families. Core curriculum on childhood trauma. Los Angeles, CA, and Durham, NC: UCLA-Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, A. B., & Brock, S. E. (2011). Measurement and evaluation of school crisis prevention and intervention: Introduction to special issue. Journal of School Violence, 10(1), 1–15. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.519261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, R. D., Ellis, A. A., Nehmy, T. J., & Ball, S.-A. (2010). Screening and predicting posttraumatic stress and depression in children following single-incident trauma. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(4), 588–596. doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.486322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oehlberg, B. (2008). Why schools need to be trauma informed. Trauma and Loss: Research and Interventions, 8(2), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osofsky, J. (2004). Community outreach for children exposed to violence. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(5), 478–487. doi:10.1002/imhj.20020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, P. L., Hoagwood, K., Horwitz, S. M., Leaf, P. J., Poduska, J. M., Kellam, S. G., et al. (2002). Barriers to children’s mental health services. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 731–738. doi:10.1097/00004583-200206000-00013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. D. (2009). Examining child maltreatment through a neurodevelopmental lens: Clinical applications of the neurosequential model of therapeutics. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(4), 240–255. doi:10.1080/15325020903004350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1503–1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66558-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., Jacobs, A. K., Nitiéma, P., & Everly, G. S. (2015). Psychological debriefing: A review of the evidence-base. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 30(3), 306–315. doi:10.1017/S1049023X15004665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L. (2004). Fitting in and feeling good: Patterns of self-evaluation and psychological stress among biracial adolescent girls. Women and Therapy, 27, 217–236. doi:10.1300/J015v27n01_15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher, G. D., & Poland, S. (1992). Crisis intervention in the schools. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2008). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/Military Manual. Cincinnati, OH: Veterans Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, S. (2012). Schools. In J. A. Cohen, A. P. Mannarino, & E. Deblinger (Eds.), Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: Treatment applications (pp. 29–48). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, M. (2008). Child development from birth to eight: A journey through the early years. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, T. L., & Sweatt, J. D. (2011). Annual research review: Epigenetic mechanism and environmental shaping of the brain during sensitive periods of development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 398–408. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02282.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Said, S. (2001). Critical incidents affecting schools; prevention, preparation & response. Sydney: Southwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 163–188. doi:10.1016/S02727358(01)00086-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A., & Aisenberg, E. (2001). Trauma/grief-focused intervention for adolescents exposed to community violence: Results of a school-based screening and group treatment protocol. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, 291–303. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.5.4.291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheeringa, M. S. (2011). PTSD in children younger than the age of 13: Toward developmentally sensitive assessment and management. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4, 181–197. doi:10.1080/19361521.2011.597079.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheeringa, M. S., & Haslett, N. (2010). The reliability and criterion validity of the Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment: A new diagnostic instrument for young children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(3), 299–312. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0169-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schore, A. N. (2013). Relational trauma, brain development, and dissociation. In J. D. Ford & C. A. Courtois (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 3–23). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, A. C.-T. (2009). Long-term effects of interparental violence and child physical maltreatment experiences on PTSD and behavior problems: A national survey of Taiwanese college students. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(3), 148–160. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (2011). Mindsight: The new science of personal transformation. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (2012). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, W. (2015). Trauma in schools and communities: Recovery lessons from survivors and responders. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., & Forde, D. R. (2000). Gender differences in susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 619–628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S. H., Wong, M., Tu, W., Elliot, M. N., et al. (2003). A mental health intervention for school children exposed to violence: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(5), 603–611. doi:10.1001/jama.290.5.603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004). The University of California, Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index. Current Psychiatry Report, 6(2), 96–100. doi:10.1007/511920-004-0048-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Kim, S., Briggs, E. C., Ippen, C. G., Ostrowski, S. A., et al. (2013). Psychometric properties of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index: Part I. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 1–9. doi:10.1002/jts.21780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terr, L. (1981). Psychic trauma in children: Observations following the Chowchilla school-bus kidnapping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(1), 14–19. doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. A. (2004). Crisis intervention and crisis management. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trethowan, V. J. (2009a). School crisis management in 21st century an examination of school counsellors’ preparedness and implications for training. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trethowan, V. J. (2009b). Crisis Management Manual: A practical guide to assist the school community to recover from a crisis. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Department of Education and Early Childhood Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trethowan, V., & Nursey, J. (2015). Helping children and adolescents recover from disaster: A review of teacher-based support programs in Victorian schools. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 30(4), 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 122–138. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tummala-Narra, P. (2007). Conceptualizing trauma and resilience across diverse contexts: A multicultural perspective. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 14(1-2), 33–53. doi:10.1300/j146v14n01_03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twardosz, S., & Lutzker, J. R. (2010). Child maltreatment and the developing brain: A Review of neuroscience perspectives. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Kolk, B. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 401–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York, NY: The Penguin Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R. S., Cicchetti, D., Cloitre, M., D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., & Teicher, M. (2009). Proposal to include a developmental trauma disorder for diagnosis for children and adolescents in DSM-V. Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute. Retrieved from http://m.traumacenter.org/announcements/DTD_papers_Oct_09.pdf

  • Vickerman, K. A., & Margolin, G. (2007). Post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: II. Treatment. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 38(6), 620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walkley, M., & Cox, T. L. (2013). Building trauma-informed schools and communities. doi:10.1093/cs/cdt007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitla, M. (2003). Crisis management and the school community. Melbourne, VIC: ACER Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia

    Catherine E. Wood

  2. Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Janine Domingues & Jamie M. Howard

  3. Catholic Education Office, Sydney, Australia

    Stephen Said

Authors
  1. Catherine E. Wood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Janine Domingues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jamie M. Howard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stephen Said
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catherine E. Wood .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia

    Monica Thielking

  2. St. John’s University, Jamaica, New York, USA

    Mark D. Terjesen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wood, C.E., Domingues, J., Howard, J.M., Said, S. (2017). Understanding and Responding to Crisis and Trauma in the School Setting. In: Thielking, M., Terjesen, M. (eds) Handbook of Australian School Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45166-4_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation