Abstract
Charles Olivier was born 19 years and one day after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S.
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Notes
- 1.
Sources were as follows: (1) Mention of Pollard’s conscription was found in Hewitt, Janet B., editor, Virginia Name Roster L-Z, volume II of Confederate State Roster, p. 732. (2) Deed Book number 60, p. 443, in the Albemarle County Courthouse, Charlottesville, VA. The Pollard farm sold for 9900 dollars according to the Deed Book, although it did not specify in which government’s currency, USA or Confederate States’. This sum was the family’s financial foundation and the source of future security and investment.
- 2.
The history of the Albemarle Artillery and Captain Wyatt came from : Sherwood, W. Cullen and Richard L. Nicholas, Amherst Artillery, Albemarle Artillery, and Sturdivant’s Battery, p. 174, H.E. Howard, Inc: Lynchburg, VA. The Albemarle Artillery’s fate was detailed in Poague, William Thomas, Gunner with Stonewall, (Monroe F. Cockrell, ed.), University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, Nebraska, 1957 and 1998. pp. 96–99. Poage’s book described the conflicts in which he and his subordinates fought and provided general historical background about the unit.
- 3.
George W. Olivier’s household was enumerated in the 1870 US Census: Dinwiddie County, Virginia, City of Petersburg, 5th Ward, p. 349. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC. Olivier was described as a bookstore clerk in 1870.
- 4.
Chalkley, Lyman. Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia, Vol II, Genealogical Publishing Co. 1912.
- 5.
G.W. Olivier’s military service was found in Richey, Homer, ed., Memorial History of the John Bowie Strange Camp, United Confederate Veterans, Charlottesville, 1920, pp. 172–173. The brothers’ reunion in Pegram’s Battery was deduced from an undated newspaper clipping by Warner L. Olivier, “Roster of Pegram’s Battery,” Library of Virginia, Dept. of Confederate Military Records, Accession # 20322a, Richmond, VA.
- 6.
Scott, J. and E. Wyatt IV, Petersburg’s Story, A History, Petersburg, VA: Titmus Optical Company, 1960; reprinted Richmond, VA: The Dietz Press, 1998, Chap. 10: Ordeal of a City.
- 7.
The description of devastation came from four sources: The war of the rebellion: a compilation of official records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, vol. 40, Part I, pp. 787–793, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1892. This can be found entirely online at, http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ANU4519-0080. Trudeau, Noah Andre, The Last Citadel, Petersburg, Virginia, June 1864-April 1865, Little, Brown, and Co., 1991, Chap. 6, especially pp. 100 and 109. Also see Power, J. Tracy, Lee’s Miserables. Life in the Army of Northern Virginia, U of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 1991, pp. 135–139. More accounts of the carnage at the Crater are in: Wilkinson, Warren, Mother, May You Never See the Sights I Have Seen. Harper and Row, NY. 1990. This book contains an 1887 picture of Union survivors standing in the Crater which conveyed the immensity of the bomb crater.
- 8.
Personal communication from H. Cabell Maddux, Jr., on July 21, 2002. Mr. Maddux was G.W. Olivier’s grandson and reported this piece of family history to the author.
- 9.
Richey, Homer, ed., Memorial History of the John Bowie Strange Camp, United Confederate Veterans, Charlottesville, 1920, pp. 172–173.
- 10.
Frances and Benjamin are buried in the same cemetery plot as is Charles William Pollard, in Blandford Church Cemetery, Petersburg, VA. Their dates of death are inscribed upon their headstones. Olivier family oral history provided Benjamin’s cause of death.
- 11.
Baltimore City Court of Common Pleas (Marriage Record), 1869–1882, pp. 380–381; Maryland State Archives, Annapolis, Maryland. Also: Telephone interview with H. Cabell Maddux, Jr. (HCM) on October 14, 2002. Katharine’s name was inscribed “Kate” in the Marriage Record.
- 12.
George and Katharine are listed as numbers 386 and 387, respectively, in the List of Communicants of Christ Church. The source is The Parish Register, for 1881.
- 13.
Charlottesville city directories list George Olivier’s address as “1021 West Main Street,” beginning in 1895: Prout & Fyler’s Directory, Charlottesville, 1895. Charles P. Olivier described the home as a large brick one with apartments in a retrospective history he wrote: History of the Leander McCormick Observatory, circa 1883 to 1928; Publications of the Leander McCormick Observatory, volume 11, p. 203ff. Additionally, the University of Virginia’s Special Collections Library holdings contains a Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, dated February 1920, which contains Sanborn’s surveys of Charlottesville’s buildings. The survey shows the Olivier home on West Main Street. The Map’s color coding indicated that the building was of brick construction, with a wooden porch. The building was two stories tall and the map scaling indicated the house was approximately 60 feet (18 m) long.
- 14.
George Olivier is listed as “agent Adams Express” in Prout & Fyler’s Directory, Charlottesville, 1895.
- 15.
Charlottesville city directories dating from 1888 to 1923 list George Olivier’s proprietorship of a bookstore. An 1898 directory identified it as “University Book Store:” Directory of Charlottesville, Virginia, Charlottesville, VA: Harris and Sharpe, Publishers (Charlottesville Printing Co.), 1898.
- 16.
Telephone interviews with Alice (Olivier) Hayes and Henry Cabell Maddux, Jr. on October 14, 2002. Ms. Hayes is Charles Olivier’s eldest daughter and Mr. Maddux is Olivier’s nephew. Both informants stated their belief that the Pollard inheritance is what paid for the bookstore and the Oliviers’ home.
- 17.
Katharine Olivier joined the Albemarle Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy, in April 1895. Kate remained a member until she died in 1910. Kate’s application stated, “I, Katharine Roy Olivier, apply for membership in the Albemarle Chapter, Daughters of the Confederacy in Virginia. I am the daughter of Charles W. Pollard of Charlottesville, VA, who belonged to Wyatt’s Albemarle Battery, Poague’s Battalion, A.P. Hill’s Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, (who was) killed at the battle of Cold Harbor June 3rd, 1864.” Source: Papers of the Albemarle Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy 1894–1965, Box 1, Membership Applications, “O” folder; in the Special Collections, Alderman Library, University of Virginia (Minutes 1908), accession #MSS 11331.
- 18.
Telephone interviews with Elise (Olivier) Ferris and H.C. Maddux, October 14, 2002. Ms. Ferris is Charles Olivier’s youngest daughter. And, Papers of the Albemarle Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Box 3, Minutes 1908–1914; in the Special Collections, Alderman Library, University of Virginia (Minutes 1908), accession #MSS 11331-a.
- 19.
1900 US Census for the household of George W. Olivier, residing in Charlottesville, Virginia.
- 20.
Interviews with Ms. Ferris and H.C.Maddux, October 14, 2002. And, Olivier, Charles P., History of the Leander McCormick Observatory ca. 1883–1928; Publications of the Leander McCormick Observatory, volume 11, part 26, p. 203.
- 21.
The Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Virginia), May 24, 1906, Patriotic Devotion of the L.C.M.A.
- 22.
Papers of the Albemarle Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Box 3, Minutes 1908–1914; in the Special Collections, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, accession #MSS 11331-a.
- 23.
Vestry Meeting Minutes, Christ Church: 1883–1901. The Minutes books are in holdings of the Special Collections Library, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
- 24.
Schulman, Gayle M. and Frierson, Melinda B., “Shall We Become a City?”, in, Magazine of Albemarle County Historical Society, vol. 46, pp. 6–9. Also an obituary of G.W. Olivier in Confederate Veteran for June 1924, vol. 32, p. 234.
- 25.
Sources: (1) Charlottesville City Directories, 1904–5, 1906–7, and 1912–3. Hill Co., Richmond VA., in the holdings of Albemarle County Historical Society, Charlottesville, VA. Also there: (2) Kean, Jefferson Randolph, “Street Railways”, Magazine of the Albemarle Co. Historical Soc’y, vol. 38, p. 128; and (3) Maurer, David A., “Muzzle laws put canines in dog house,” a ‘Yesteryears’ column in the Charlottesville Daily Progress for 10/6/1991. And (4) an obituary of G.W. Olivier in Confederate Veteran magazine, June 1924, volume 32, p. 234.
- 26.
Sources: (1) Confederate Veteran magazine, June 1924, volume 32, p. 234; Richey, op. cit., p. 7; (2) Williams, Thomas R., Development of Astronomy in the Southern United States, 1840–1914, in Journal for the History of Astronomy, volume 27, 1996, pp. 29–35; (3) Magazine of Albemarle County Historical Society (MACH), 1990, volume 48, pp. 15–16; (4) MACH, 1963–4, volume 22, pp. 198 and 204–5; and (5) electronic mail communication with Germain J. Bienvenu, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA. The United Confederate Veterans Association Records are at LSU's Library, Mss. 1357.
- 27.
Psychologists identify this normal, non-pathological, thought pattern as “reducing cognitive dissonance.” Specifically, it resembles “effort justification,” one paradigm of dissonance reduction. Experimental evidence confirms that when people make a costly effort and still fail, in the case of the Confederacy suffer defeat, their estimation of the reason for it is greatly enhanced; “Of course my goal was extremely important, I exhausted myself to achieve it” might be one expression of this form of dissonance reduction.
- 28.
This brief biography is an amalgam taken from several sources: Matz, F., Ormond Stone, Popular Astronomy, volume 3, 1896, pp. 452–454; Teare, S., Stone, Ormond, in T. Hockey, Editor, Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Volume 2, New York: Springer, 2007, p. 1093; and Editors, Who Was Who in America, Volume 1 (1897–1942), Fifth Printing, Chicago, Illinois: Marquis Who’s Who, 1962, p. 1193.
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Astrophysical Data System (SAO/NASA ADS) contains approximately 100 references to Ormond Stone’s publications. They begin in 1871 and for the next four years Stone published articles in astronomical journals on such topics as finding the distance to a comet, his analysis of astronomer Franz Brunnow’s method of correcting a comet’s orbit, and another on correcting a planet’s orbit.
- 29.
Stone, O., Motions of the Solar System, The Observatory, volume 11, 1888, p. 363.
- 30.
The law of universal gravitation was published in 1687 as part of Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
- 31.
Aspects of Mercury, two comets and the moon’s orbits were identified specifically by Stone.
- 32.
Ridpath, I., Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 218.
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
See Lankford, J., American Astronomy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 26–34 for a description of classical astronomers’ interests and pp. 40–48 for a description of their mindset. The present author’s description of classical astronomy and astronomers was greatly influenced by Lankford’s book.
- 35.
Full titles of these papers can be found by entering “Ormond Stone” in the SAO/NASA ADS Web site’s search engine. The engine’s output is a reverse chronological list of Stone’s publications and biographical articles about him.
- 36.
The longest survey was, Stone, O., Micrometrical measurements of 1054 double stars observed with the 11-inch refractor from January 1878 to September 1879; Publications of the Cincinnati Observatory, volume 5, Cincinnati, Ohio: Board of Observatory Directors, 1879, pp. 1–152.
- 37.
Full titles of these papers can be found by entering “Ormond Stone” in the SAO/NASA ADS Web site’s search engine. The engine’s output is a reverse chronological list of Stone’s publications and biographical articles about him: search between the dates of 1876 and 1882.
- 38.
Loosely translated the meaning of “Durchmusterung” would be “an exhaustive or comprehensive listing.”
- 39.
A detailed history of the BD and Schonfeld’s addition is given in Joseph Ashbrook’s “How the BD was made,” in his Astronomical Scrapbook, an anthology collection edited by Leif Robinson, Boston, Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation, 1984, pp. 427–436.
- 40.
“Nebulae” were later classified into new celestial categories, such as galaxies external to our galaxy the Milky Way, and gaseous clouds that were denizens of it.
- 41.
Stone O., Leavenworth, FP, Wilson, HC, Egbert, HV, Jones, J., Durchmusterung, −23 degrees, Publications of the Leander McCormick Observatory, volume 1, 1915, pp. 101–171. Immediately following in the same Publications volume is “Southern Nebulae 1887”: Stone, O., Leavenworth, F., Muller, F., and Parrish, NM., pp. 173–244. Ashbrook, op.cit., 1984, p. 436 mentions Stone’s Durchmusterung.
- 42.
Matz, F., Ormond Stone, Popular Astronomy, volume 3, 1896, pp. 452–454. The second person to make the comment was Olivier: see both of his papers cited under references.
- 43.
Editors, Who Was Who in America, Volume 1 (1897–1942), Fifth Printing, Chicago, Illinois: Marquis Who’s Who, 1962, p. 1193.
- 44.
Infant Frances’ birth date was found in: Cemetery Burial Listing for Maplewood Cemetery, City of Charlottesville, Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Charlottesville, VA.
- 45.
Lyon’s academic career is summarized on Tulane University’s Web site regarding its Department of Physics and his years as a Vanderbilt Fellow at University of Virginia are cited in Olivier, C.P., Ormond Stone, Popular Astronomy, volume 41, pp. 295–298.
- 46.
New York Tribune, on November 17, 1899, page 2, “Panic in Russia. Remarkable effect of the expected Meteoric Display- London, Nov. 16: In Russia the Leonid displays caused a popular panic in many places. It was believed that the end of the world had come. Churches were open all night long and hundreds of thousands spent three nights in the open air, fearing earthquakes and a general cataclysm…There was a rather brilliant display between 2 and 5 o’clock Thursday morning at Berlin.” A quick check, on October 11, 2013, of online information failed to reveal any scientifically confirmed accounts of Russian or German meteor storms in 1899 and mention of them does not appear in current astronomical history publications.
- 47.
The prediction was for “November 15, 18 h.” Owing to how astronomers numbered the hours of the day before 1925, (a day began at noon and ended the following noon) a non-astronomer would have needed a translation of the prediction to 6 a.m. on the 16th.
- 48.
Editor, The Leonids of 1899, Observatory, volume 22, 1899, p. 434 ff.; and Payne, W.W., The Failure of the Leonids in 1899, Popular Astronomy, volume 8, 1900 (January), pp. 15–17. In 1925, Olivier retold the reasons for the failure: Meteors, pp. 39–40. For a recent explanation of the meteoroid-miss, and a comprehensive treatment about how meteor trails intersect earth’s orbit, see Jenniskens, P., Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets, Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, especially pp. 157–159.
- 49.
See Observatory article and Payne articles in endnote 4.
- 50.
Ridpath, I., A Dictionary of Astronomy, Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 375: Principia.
- 51.
Olivier, C., Meteors, Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins, Co., 1925, p. 38.
- 52.
Denning, W., Shooting stars, how to observe them and what they teach us. A series of articles in Popular Astronomy, volume 1, September 1893 to June 1894. But the source about plotting is pp. 67–71 in the volume. Page 68 has direction to use “a perfectly straight rod or wand” to trace a meteor’s sky path in order to accurately chart it. This advice was a fixture in all of Olivier’s future advice to AMS members.
- 53.
He noted in his dissertation: “So far as I have been able to find from records, Corder, Denning, Heis, and Zezioli are the only four observers who have each observed over 5000 meteors.” Olivier, C., 175 Parabolic Orbits and other results deduced from over 6200 meteors; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. Vol. 22, Part 1, 1911, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, p. 5.
- 54.
Olivier, PA, vol 9, 1901, pp. 525–526; vol. 10, 1902, pp. 555–557; vol. 11, 1903, p. 581; and vol. 12, 1904, pp. 680–681.
- 55.
Olivier, CP, PA, vol. 12, 1904, pp. 680–681. Author Taibi does not know if results were ever published.
- 56.
Olivier, C.P., Meteors, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1925, p. 96. It may be that an 1878 article by George Lyon Tupman (in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), volume 38, 1878, p. 115 ff) suggested this topic to Olivier; see Meteors, pp. 95–96.
- 57.
Olivier, CP, Perseid Meteors, August 1902, PA, vol. 10, 1902, p. 557.
- 58.
Olivier, C.P., o Ceti (Mira), Astronomical Journal, volume 25, 1908, pp. 197–198.
- 59.
Olivier, C.P. and R.E. Wilson, Observations of double stars, Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 177, 1908, p. 33.
- 60.
Minutes of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, Volume 8, Part 1, June 1903-November 1908., handwritten notes p. 49 and typed version p. 68. See also Olivier, C.P., Ormond Stone, PA, volume 41, 1933, pp. 296–297 where Olivier’s years of Vanderbilt support are listed.
- 61.
A NASA Web page regarding the August 30, 1905, solar eclipse describes the geographical place located near Daroca was where the eclipse’s total phase was longest, 3 min and 46 s. In Olivier’s report he stated, “…two minutes after the beginning of totality, I immediately went outside…” to observe the spectacle. Source, accessed on October 19, 2013: http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle1901/SEgoogle1905Aug30Tgoogle.html.
- 62.
Olivier, C.P., Report on the Solar Eclipse of August 30, 1905, Publications of the United States Naval Observatory, Second Series, Volume 10, in two parts. Date: June 7, 1924, Publication: Serial Set Vol. No. 8293; Report: H. Doc. 282. Source: Genealogybank.com database concerning Charles P. Olivier’s mention in public documents.
- 63.
Olivier, C.P., Observations of southern double stars, Astronomische Nachrichten (AN), volume 174, 1907, pp. 209–218.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Olivier and Ralph E. Wilson, Observations of double stars, AN, volume 177, 1908, p. 33 and Olivier, Wilson and W.N. Neff, Observations of double stars, AN, volume 182, 1909, p. 253.
- 66.
Olivier, C.P., Ormond Stone, PA, volume 41, 1933, pp. 296–297.
- 67.
Olivier and Ralph E. Wilson, Observations of double stars, AN, volume 177, 1908, p. 33 and Olivier, Wilson and W.N. Neff, Observations of double stars, AN, volume 182, 1909, p. 253.
- 68.
Olivier, C.P. Omicron Ceti (Mira), Astronomical Journal, volume 25, 1908, pp. 197–198; and Astronomical Journal, volume 27, 1911, p. 32.
- 69.
Minutes, volume 3, 1908 op. cit., p. 51.
- 70.
An objective lens is the “front lens” on a telescope that resembles a spyglass, except that the astronomical telescope is much larger and needs a mechanical mounting in order for it to be used effectively. Astronomical objective lenses are composed of at least two lenses made of different glasses. Their differences, in how strongly they bend light, called refraction, compensate for the deficiencies in the way each lens alone refracts light. Together, the two lenses transmit light that is almost unaffected by false color as would occur if only one lens was used.
- 71.
Lick 36-inch Telescope Manual. http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/techdocs/telescopes/36inch/index.html Accessed 10/25/13.
- 72.
A spectrograph contains a prism which is used to separate the component colors of white light into a spectrum. Examination of an object’s spectrum allows the astrophysicist to discover the chemical composition, temperature, and motion relative to the observer of an object in space. A camera in the spectrograph is used to record the spectrum so it can be examined and measured. When a camera is added to a spectroscope, the new device is called a “spectrograph.”
- 73.
Olivier, C.P., Ormond Stone, PA, volume 41, 1933, p. 297. A good biography of Curtis is by Marche, J.D. and R.P. Lindner, Heber Doust Curtis, in Hockey, T., et al. editors, Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Volume 1, New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 264–266.
- 74.
Osterbrock, et al. 1988, op. cit., p. 211; and Olivier, C.P., Comets, Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1930, p. 110.
- 75.
As the term “reflector” implies, the Crossley telescope used a mirror instead of a lens to gather light from the astronomical target object.
- 76.
Curtis, H.D., Photographs of Halley’s Comet Made at the Lick Observatory, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (PASP), volume 22, June 1910, No. 132, p. 117ff.
- 77.
Curtis, H.D., Note on Photographs of Halley’s Comet, Lick Observatory Bulletin (LOB), volume 5, 1910, p. 183. This note was dated February 12, 1910.
- 78.
Merrill, P.W. and Olivier, C.P., Photographs of Comet a 1910, obtained with the Crocker Telescope, LOB, volume 5, 1910, p. 182. A biography of Merrill appears in Hockey, T. et al. 2007, op.cit, volume 2, pp. 770–772, by E. Dorrit Hoffleit.
- 79.
Lang, H.C. Robert Grant Aitken, in Hockey, T. et al. eds., 2007, op.cit, volume 1, pp. 21–22.
- 80.
Aitken, R.G., LOB, volume 5, 1909, pp. 166–168 and volume 6, 1910, pp. 62–64 and pp. 70–72.
- 81.
There is no personal correspondence between Olivier and Aitken in Olivier’s American Philosophical Society correspondence file. The only item present is a broadcast 1927 memo to all members of the International Astronomical Union’s Double Star Commission, to which Olivier belonged. An inquiry with the SAO/NASA search engine for “Olivier Aitken” revealed no joint publications: http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ accessed on 10/26/13.
- 82.
Olivier, C.P., Measures of 136 double stars, LOB, volume 5, 1910, p. 185 ff; and Measures of 159 double stars, LOB, volume 6, p. 76ff. Olivier reported 11 new doubles in the first article and 24 in the second for a total of 35.
- 83.
Olivier, C.P., Maxima of Omicron Ceti (Mira), Astronomical Journal, volume 27, 1911, p. 32.
- 84.
Anonymous, Sudden death of Mrs. G.W. Olivier, The Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Virginia), Tuesday, December 27, 1910, front page.
- 85.
The date of Olivier’s doctorate is listed in University of Virginia Catalog 1911–1912, under doctoral degrees conferred.
- 86.
Pages 17–19 of the dissertation.
- 87.
Page 8 of the dissertation.
- 88.
Olivier, C.P., Report of the AMS for 1925, PA, volume 34, 1926, pp. 165–166.
References
Olivier, C, History of the Leander McCormick Observatory circa 1883 to 1928, Publications of the Leander McCormick Observatory of the University of Virginia, volume 11, part 26, Charlottesville, Virginia: The University, 1967, pp. 203-209
Goldfield, D., Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History., Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2002, Chapter 1, especially pp. 20-21.
Olivier, C., History of the Leander McCormick Observatory Circa 1883 to 1928, in Publications of the Leander McCormick Observatory, volume 11, part 26, Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1967.
Rendtel, J. and R. Arlt, Editors, Handbook for Meteor Observers, Potsdam, Germany: International Meteor Organization, 2009, pp. 123 and 160-163. See also: http://www.imo.net
Olivier, C., 175 Parabolic Orbits and other results deduced from over 6200 meteors; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. Vol. 22, Part 1, 1911, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. This is Olivier’s doctoral dissertation.
Fortunes of War and Peace
Goldfield, D., Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History., Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2002, Chapter 1, especially pp. 20-21.
Virginia’s Astronomer
Olivier, C., Ormond Stone, Popular Astronomy, volume 41, 1933, pp. 295-298
Portrait of the Young Man as an Astronomer
Olivier, C.P., 175 Parabolic Orbits and other results deduced from over 6200 meteors; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. Vol. 22, Part 1, 1911, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, pages 5 and 20-21.
Sojourn at Lick Observatory
Osterbrock, D.E., J.R. Gustafson, and W.J. S. Unruh, Eye on the Sky, Lick Observatory’s first century, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1988, Chapters 4, 5, 8 and 11.
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Taibi, R. (2017). Virginia. In: Charles Olivier and the Rise of Meteor Science. Springer Biographies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44518-2_1
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