Abstract
Validation provides quality assurance that a hearing aid wearer’s needs are being met—that the solution meets not only their technical requirements (i.e., verification) but also their requirements for everyday communication. In the past 50 years, there have been repeated calls for better measures of hearing aid performance, with a general shift in validation toward the self-report of hearing, communication, and well-being through questionnaires. This chapter looks at these measures, examining the domains of hearing aid validation and how despite the growth in number of questions—a total of more than 1,000 questions on hearing aids—the domains have evolved only slightly. The chapter then considers the ways in which a fundamental domain, “benefit,” is calculated. A large data set shows how different forms of benefit can lead to different systematic interpretations. While most objective measures for hearing aids are by definition verifications, the chapter discusses those objective measurements that approach validation by attempting to mimic aspects of everyday communication. The issues raised by these myriad forms of validation suggest that a viable measure of hearing aid benefit must incorporate measures of expectations and burdens for listener-specific conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akeroyd, M. A., Guy, F. H., Harrison, D. L., & Suller, S. L. (2014). A factor analysis of the SSQ (Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale). International Journal of Audiology, 53, 101–114.
Barcham, L. J., & Stephens, S. D. (1980). The use of an open-ended problems questionnaire in auditory rehabilitation. British Journal of Audiology, 14, 51–61.
Bentler, R. A., & Kramer, S. E. (2000). Guidelines for choosing a self-report outcome measure. Ear and Hearing, 21, 37S–49S.
Bentler, R. A., Niebuhr, D. P., Getta, J. P., & Anderson, C. V. (1993). Longitudinal study of hearing aid effectiveness, II: Subjective measures. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 820–831.
Boothroyd, A., Hnath-Chisolm, T., Hanin, L., & Kishon-Rabin, L. (1988). Voice fundamental frequency as an auditory supplement to the speechreading of sentences. Ear and Hearing, 9, 306–312.
Brooks, D. N. (1989). The effect of attitude on benefit obtained from hearing aids. British Journal of Audiology, 23, 3–11.
Carhart, R. (1965). Problems in the measurement of speech discrimination. Archives of Otolaryngology, 82, 253–260.
Chermak, G. D., & Miller, M. C. (1988). Shortcomings of a revised feasibility scale for predicting hearing aid use with older adults. British Journal of Audiology, 22, 187–194.
Cherry, E. C. (1953). Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and two ears. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25, 975–979.
Chung, S., & Stephens, S. D. G. (1986). Factors influencing binaural hearing aid use. British Journal of Audiology, 20, 129–140.
Compton-Conley, C. L., Neuman, A. C., Killion, M. C., & Levitt, H. (2004). Performance of directional microphones for hearing aids: Real-world versus simulation. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 15, 440–445.
Cox, R. M. (1999). Measuring hearing aid outcomes: Part 1 (Editorial). Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 10, i–ii.
Cox, R. M. (2005). Choosing a self-report measure for hearing aid fitting outcomes. Seminars in Hearing, 26, 149–156.
Cox, R. M., & McDaniel, D. M. (1989). Development of the speech intelligibility rating (SIR) test for hearing aid comparisons. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 32, 347–352.
Cox, R. M., & Gilmore, C. (1990). Development of the profile of hearing aid performance (PHAP). Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33, 343–357.
Cox, R. M., & Alexander, G. C. (1992). Maturation of hearing aid benefit: Objective and subjective measurements. Ear and Hearing, 13, 131–141.
Cox, R. M., & Alexander, G. C. (1995). The abbreviated profile of hearing aid benefit. Ear and Hearing, 16, 176–186.
Cox, R. M., & Alexander, G. C. (1999). Measuring satisfaction with amplification in daily life: The SADL scale. Ear and Hearing, 20, 306–320.
Cox, R. M., Alexander, G. C., Gilmore, C., & Pusakulich, K. M. (1989). The connected speech test version 3: Audiovisual administration. Ear and Hearing, 10, 29–32.
Cox, R. M., Alexander, G. C., & Rivera, I. M. (1991a). Comparison of objective and subjective measures of speech intelligibility in elderly hearing-impaired listeners. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 34, 904–915.
Cox, R. M., Gilmore, C., & Alexander, G. C. (1991b). Comparison of two questionnaires for patient-assessed hearing aid benefit. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 2, 134–145.
Cox, R. M., Hyde, M., Gatehouse, S., Noble, W., Dillon, H., et al. (2000). Optimal outcome measures, research priorities, and international cooperation. Ear and Hearing, 21, 106S–115S.
Cox, R. M., Alexander, G. C., & Gray, G. A. (2007). Personality, hearing problems, and amplification characteristics: Contributions to self-report hearing aid outcomes. Ear and Hearing, 28, 141–162.
Cox, R. M., Schwartz, K. S., Noe, C. M., & Alexander, G. C. (2011). Preference for one or two hearing aids among adult patients. Ear and Hearing, 32, 181–197.
Cox, R. M., Alexander, G. C., & Xu, J. (2014). Development of the device-oriented subjective outcome (DOSO) scale. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 25, 727–736. (Available online as of 2009: http://www.harlmemphis.org/index.php/clinical-applications/doso/)
Danermark, B., Cieza, A., Gangé, J. P., Gimigliano, F., Granberg, S., et al. (2010). International classification of functioning, disability and health core sets for hearing loss: A discussion paper and invitation. International Journal of Audiology, 49, 256–262.
Davis, A. C. (1983) Hearing disorders in the population: First phase findings of the MRC National Study of Hearing. In M. E. Lutman & M. P. Haggard (Eds.), Hearing science and disorders (pp. 35-60). Academic Press, London.
Davis, A., Smith, P., Ferguson, M., Stephens, D., & Gianopoulos, I. (2007). Acceptability, benefit and costs of early screening for hearing disability: A study of potential screening tests and models. Health Technology Assessment, 11, 1–472.
Demorest, M. E. (1984). Techniques for measuring hearing aid benefit through self-report. In J. Pickett (Chair), Symposium on hearing technology: Its present and future (pp. 1–19). Washington, DC: Gallaudet College.
Dillon, H. (1994). Shortened hearing aid performance inventory for the elderly (SHAPIE): A statistical approach. Australian Journal of Audiology, 16, 37–48.
Dillon, H., James, A., & Ginnis, J. (1997). Client oriented scale of improvement (COSI) and its relationship to several other measures of benefit and satisfaction provided by hearing aids. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 8, 27–43.
Dittberner, A., & Bentler, R. (2003). Interpreting the Directivity Index (DI). Hearing Review, 10, 16–19.
Erber, N. (1992). Effects of a question-answer format on visual perception of sentences. Journal of Academy of Audiologic Rehabilitation, 25, 113–122.
EuroQOL Group. (1990). EuroQol—a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16, 199–208.
Ewertsen, H. W., & Nielsen, H. B. (1971). A comparative analysis of the audiovisual, auditive and visual perception of speech. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 72, 201–205.
Freyaldhoven, M. C., Nabelek, A. K., Burchfield, S. B., & Thelin, J. W. (2005). Acceptable noise level as a measure of directional hearing aid benefit. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 16, 228–236.
Forster, S., & Tomlin, A. (1988). Hearing aid usage in Queensland. Paper presented at the Audiological Society of Australia Conference, Perth.
Furlong, W. J., Feeny, D. H., Torrance, G. W., & Barr, R. D. (2001). The Health Utilities Index (HUI) system for assessing health-related quality of life in clinical studies. Annals of Medicine, 33, 375–384.
Gatehouse, S. (1993). Hearing aid evaluation: Limitations of present procedures and future requirements. Journal of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology Monograph (Suppl. 1), 50–57.
Gatehouse, S. (1999). Glasgow hearing aid benefit profile: Derivation and validation of a client-centered outcome measure for hearing aid services. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 10, 80–103.
Gatehouse, S., & Noble, W. (2004). The speech, spatial and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ). International Journal of Audiology, 43, 85–99.
Giolas, T. G., Owens, E., Lamb, S. H., & Schubert, E. D. (1979). Hearing performance inventory. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 44, 169–195.
Granberg, S., Möller, K., Skagerstand, Å., Möller, C., & Danermark, B. (2014). The ICF Core Sets for hearing loss: Researcher perspective, part II: Linking outcome measures to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). International Journal of Audiology, 53, 77–87.
Hafter, E. R., Xia, J., & Kalluri, S. (2012). A naturalistic approach to the cocktail party problem. In B. Moore, R. Patterson, I. Winter, R. Carlyon, & H. Gockel (Eds.), Basic aspects of hearing: Physiology and perception (pp. 527–534). New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
Haggard, M. P., Foster, J. R., & Iredale, F. E. (1981). Use and benefit of post-aural aids in sensory hearing loss. Scandinavian Audiology, 10, 45–52.
Hallam, R. S., & Brooks, D. N. (1996). Development of the hearing attitudes in rehabilitation questionnaire (HARQ). British Journal of Audiology, 30, 199–213.
Hawkins, D. B. (1985). Reflections on amplification: Validation of performance. Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 18, 42–54.
High, W. S., Fairbanks, G., & Glorig, A. (1964). Scale for self-assessment of hearing handicap. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 29, 215–230.
Ho, H. C., Wu, Y. H., Hsiao, S. H., & Zhang, X. (2013). Acceptable noise level (ANL) and real-world hearing-aid success in Taiwanese listeners. International Journal of Audiology, 52, 762–770.
Humes, L. E., Garner, C. B., Wilson, D. L., & Barlow, N. N. (2001). Hearing-aid outcome measures following one month of hearing aid use by the elderly. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 44, 469–486.
Hutton, C. L. (1980). Responses to a Hearing Problem Inventory. Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitation Audiology, 13, 133–154.
Ivory, P. J., Hendricks, B. L., Van Vliet, D., Beyer, C. M., & Abrams, H. B. (2009). Short-term hearing aid benefit in a large group. Trends in Amplification, 13, 260–280.
Kaplan, H., Bally, S., & Brandt, F. (1995). Revised Communication Self-Assessment Scale Inventory for Deaf Adults (CSDA). Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 6, 311–329.
Kaplan, H., Bally, S., Brandt, F., Busacco, D., & Pray, J. (1997). Communication Scale for Older Adults (CSOA). Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 8, 203–217.
Kochkin, S. (1997). Subjective measures of satisfaction and benefit: Establishing norms. Seminars in Hearing, 18, 37–46.
Kompis, M., Pfiffner, F., Krebs, M., & Caversaccio, M. D. (2011). Factors influencing the decision for Baha in unilateral deafness: The Bern benefit in single-sided deafness questionnaire. Advances in Otorhinolaryngology, 71, 103–111.
Laplante-Lévesque, A., Hickson, L., & Worrall, L. (2010). Factors influencing rehabilitation decisions of adults with acquired hearing impairment. International Journal of Audiology, 49, 497–507.
Laugesen, S., Jensen, N. S., Maas, P., & Nielsen, C. (2011). Own voice qualities (OVQ) in hearing-aid users: There is more than just occlusion. International Journal of Audiology, 50, 226–236.
Macleod, A., & Summerfield, Q. (1990). A procedure for measuring auditory and audio-visual speech-reception thresholds for sentences in noise. British Journal of Audiology, 24, 29–43.
MacPherson, A., & Akeroyd, M. A. (2013). The Glasgow Monitoring of Uninterrupted Speech Task (GMUST): A naturalistic measure of speech intelligibility in noise. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 19, 050068.
MacPherson, A., & Akeroyd, M. A. (2014). A method for measuring the intelligibility of uninterrupted, continuous speech (L). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135, 1027–1030.
Manzella, D., & Taigman, M. (1980). A hearing screening test for the elderly. Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 13, 21–28.
McArdle, R., Chisolm, T. H., Abrams, H. B., Wilson, R. H., & Doyle, P. J. (2005). The WHO-DAS II: Measuring outcomes of hearing intervention for adults. Trends in Amplification, 9, 127–143.
McCormack, A., & Fortnum, H. (2013). Why do people with hearing aids not wear them? International Journal of Audiology, 52, 360–368.
McDaniel, D. M., & Cox, R. M. (1992). Evaluation of the speech intelligibility rating (SIR) test for hearing aid comparisons. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 686–693.
McDermott, A. L., Dutt, S. N., Tziambazis, E., Reid, A. P., & Proops, D. W. (2002). Disability, handicap and benefit analysis with the bone-anchored hearing aid: The Glasgow hearing aid benefit and difference profiles. Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 116 (Suppl. 28), 29–36.
McShefferty, D., Whitmer, W. M., & Akeroyd, M. A. (2015). The just-noticeable difference in speech-to-noise ratio. Trends in Hearing, 19, 1–9.
Meister, H., Lausberg, I., Walger, M. & von Wedel, H. (2001). Using conjoint analysis to examine the importance of hearing aid attributes. Ear and Hearing, 22, 142–150.
Meister, H., Lausberg, I., Kiessling, J., von Wedel, H., & Walger, M. (2005). Detecting components of hearing aid fitting using a self-assessment inventory. European Archives in Otorhinolaryngology, 262, 580–586.
Mendel, L. L. (2007). Objective and subjective hearing aid assessment outcomes. American Journal of Audiology, 16, 118–129.
Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., et al. (2010). The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: An international Delphi study. Quality of Life Research, 19, 539–549.
Morris, A. E., Lutman, M. E., Cook, A. J., & Turner, D. (2013). An economic evaluation of screening 60- to 70-year-old adults for hearing loss. Journal of Public Health, 35, 139–146.
Mueller, H. G., & Palmer, C. V. (1998). The profile of aided loudness: A new “PAL” for ‘98. Hearing Journal, 51, 10–19.
Mueller, H. G., Weber, J., & Hornsby, B. W. Y. (2006). The effects of digital noise reduction on the acceptance of background noise. Trends in Amplification, 10, 83–94.
Nabelek, A. K., Tuckler, F. M., & Letwoski, T. R. (1991). Toleration of background noises: Relationships with patterns of hearing aid use by elderly persons. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 679–685.
Nabelek, A. K., Freyaldhoven, M. C., Tampas, J. W., Burchfield, S. B., & Muenchen, R. A. (2006). Acceptable noise level as a predictor of hearing aid use. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 17, 626–639.
Naylor, G. (2005). The search for the Panacea hearing aid. In A. Rasmussen, T. Poulsen, T. Andersen, & C. Larsen (Eds.), Hearing aid fitting: Proceedings of the 21st Danavox Symposium (pp. 321–344). Copenhagen: Danavox Jubilee Foundation.
Newman, C. W., & Weinstein, B. E. (1988). The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly as a measure of hearing aid benefit. Ear and Hearing, 9, 81–85.
Nilsson, M., Soli, S. D., & Sullivan, J. A. (1994). Development of the hearing in noise test for the measurement of speech reception thresholds in quiet and in noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95, 1085–1099.
Noble, W., & Gatehouse, S. (2006). Effects of bilateral versus unilateral hearing aid fitting on abilities measured by the speech, spatial, and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ). International Journal of Audiology, 45, 172–181.
Noble, W., Ter-Horst, K., & Byrne, D. (1995). Disabilities and handicaps associated with impaired auditory localisation. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 6, 129–140.
Noble, W., Jensen, N. S., Naylor, G., Bhullar, N., & Akeroyd, M. A. (2013). A short form of the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale suitable for clinical use: The SSQ12. International Journal of Audiology, 52, 409–412.
Öberg, M., Wänström, G., Hjertman, H., Lunner, T., & Andersson, G. (2009). Development and initial validation of the ‘Clinical global impression’ to measure outcomes for audiological rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31, 1409–1417.
Olsen, S. Ø., & Brännström, K. J. (2014). Does the acceptable noise level (ANL) predict hearing-aid use? International Journal of Audiology, 53, 2–20.
Owens, E., & Fujikawa, S. (1980). The hearing performance inventory and hearing aid use in profound hearing loss. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 23, 470–479.
Perez, E., & Edmonds, B. A. (2012). A systematic review of studies measuring and reporting hearing aid usage in older adults since 1999: A descriptive summary of measurement tools. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e31831.
Purdy, S. C., & Jerram, J. C. K., (1998). Investigation of the profile of hearing aid performance in experienced hearing aid users. Ear and Hearing, 19, 473–480.
Robinson, K., Gatehouse, S., & Browning, G. G. (1996). Measuring patient benefit from otorhinolaryngological surgery and therapy. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 105, 415–422.
Rupp, R. R., Higgins, J., & Maurer, J. F. (1977). A feasibility scale for predicting hearing aid use (FSPHAU) with older individuals. Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 10, 81–103.
Saunders, G. H., & Cienkowski, K. M. (1996). Refinement and psychometric evaluation of the attitudes toward loss of hearing questionnaire. Ear and Hearing, 17, 505–519.
Saunders, G. H., & Kates, J. M. (1997). Speech intelligibility enhancement using hearing-aid array processing. The Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 102, 1827–1837.
Saunders, G. H., & Cienkowski, K. M. (2002). A test to measure subjective and objective speech intelligibility. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 13, 38–49.
Saunders, G. H., & Forsline, A. (2006). The performance-perceptual test (PPT) and its relationship to aided reported handicap and hearing aid satisfaction. Ear and Hearing, 27, 229–242.
Saunders, G. H., Lewis, M. S., & Forsline, A. (2009). Expectations, prefitting counselling, and hearing aid outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 20, 320–334.
Schein, J. D., Gentile, A., & Haase, K. (1965). Methodological aspects of a hearing ability interview survey. Vital and health statistics, Series 2, Report 12, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Schein, J. D., Gentile, A., & Haase, K. (1970). Development and evaluation of an Expanded Hearing Loss Scale Questionnaire. Vital and health statistics, Series 2, Report 37, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Schow, R. L., & Nerbonne, M. A. (1982). Communication screening profile: Use with elderly clients. Ear and Hearing, 3, 135–147.
Schum, D. J. (1992). Responses of elderly hearing aid users on the Hearing Aid Performance Inventory. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 3, 308–314.
Schum, D. J. (1999). Perceived hearing aid benefit in relation to perceived needs. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 10, 40–45.
Seyfried, D. N. (1990). Use of a communication self-report inventory to measure hearing aid counselling effects. PhD dissertation, University of Iowa.
Speaks, C., Parker, B., Harris, C., & Kuhl, P. (1972). Intelligibility of connected discourse. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15, 590–602.
Speaks, C., Trine, T., Crain, T., & Niccum, N. (1994). A revised speech intelligibility (RSIR) test: Listeners with normal hearing. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 110, 75–83.
Stephens, S. D. (1980). Evaluating the problems of the hearing impaired. Audiology, 19, 205–220.
Stewart, D. O., & DeMarco, J. P. (2005). An economic theory of patient decision-making. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 2, 153–164.
Stewart, D. O., & DeMarco, J. P. (2010). Rational noncompliance with prescribed medical treatment. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 20, 277–290.
Sumby, W., & Pollack, I. (1954). Visual contribution to speech intelligibility in noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 26, 212–215.
Surr, R. K., & Hawkins, D. B. (1988). New hearing aid users’ perception of the “hearing aid effect.” Ear and Hearing, 9, 113–118.
Swan, I. R. C., Guy, F. H., & Akeroyd, M. A. (2012). Health-related quality of life before and after management in adults referred to otolaryngology: A prospective national study. Clinical Otolaryngology, 37, 35–43.
Tannahill, J. C. (1979). The hearing handicap scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 44, 91–99.
Taylor, K. S. (1993). Self-perceived and audiometric evaluations of hearing aid benefit in the elderly. Ear and Hearing, 14, 390–394.
Tobin, H., Baquet, G. M., & Koslowski, J. A. (1997). Evaluation procedures. In H. Tobin (Ed.), Practical hearing aid selection and fitting (pp. 95–102). Baltimore, MD: US Department of Veteran Affairs.
Trainor, L., Sonnadara, R., Wiklund, K., Bondy, J., Gupta, S., Becker, S., Bruce, I., & Haykin, S. (2004). Development of a flexible, realistic hearing in noise test environment (R-HINT-E). Signal Processing, 84, 299–309.
Tye-Murray, N., Witt, S., & Castelloe, J. (1996). Initial evaluation of an interactive test of sentence gist recognition. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 7, 396–405.
Tye-Murray, N., Sommers, M., Spehar, B., Myerson, J., Hale, S., et al. (2008). Auditory-visual discourse comprehension by older and young adults in favourable and unfavourable conditions. International Journal of Audiology, 47, S31–S37.
Uriarte, M., Denzin, L., Dunstan, A., & Hickson, L. (2005). Measuring hearing aid outcome using the satisfaction with amplification in daily life (SADL) questionnaire: Australian data. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 16, 383–402.
Ventry, I. M. & Weintstein, B. E. (1982). The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly: A new tool. Ear and Hearing, 3, 128–134.
Vestergaard, M. D. (2004). Benefit from amplification of high frequencies in hearing impaired: Aspects of cochlear dead regions and auditory acclimatization. PhD thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby.
Vuorialho, A., Karinen, P., & Sorri, M. (2006). Effect of hearing aids on hearing disability and quality of life in the elderly. International Journal of Audiology, 25, 400–405.
Walden, B. E., Demorest, M. E., & Helper, E. L. (1984). Self-report approach to assessing benefit derived from amplification. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 27, 49–56.
Whitmer, W. M., Howell, P., & Akeroyd, M. A. (2014). Proposed norms for the Glasgow hearing aid benefit profile (GHABP) questionnaire. International Journal of Audiology, 53, 345–351.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2001a). International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2001b). Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS II). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wu, Y. H., & Bentler, R. A. (2012). The influence of audiovisual ceiling performance on the relationship between reverberation and directional benefit: Perception and prediction. Ear and Hearing, 33, 604–614.
Yueh, B., McDowell, J. A., Collins, M., Souza, P. E., Loovis, C. F., & Devo, R. A. (2005). Development and validation of the effectiveness of auditory rehabilitation scale. Archives of Otolaryngology, 131, 851–857.
Zarnoch, J. M., & Alpiner, J. G. (1978). The Denver scale of communication function for senior citizens living in retirement centres. In J. G. Alpiner (ed.), Handbook of adult rehabilitative audiology (pp. 166–168). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, pp. 166–168.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Medical Research Council (grant number U135097131) and by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government.
Conflict of interest William Whitmer declares he has no conflict of interest.Kay Wright-Whyte declares she has no conflict of interest.Jack Holman declares he has no conflict of interest.Michael Akeroyd declares he has no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Whitmer, W.M., Wright-Whyte, K.F., Holman, J.A., Akeroyd, M.A. (2016). Hearing Aid Validation. In: Popelka, G., Moore, B., Fay, R., Popper, A. (eds) Hearing Aids. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 56. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33036-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33036-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33034-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33036-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)