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Mineral Deposits of North Africa pp 249–276Cite as

Edough-Cap de Fer Polymetallic District, Northeast Algeria: I. The Late Miocene Paleogeothermal System of Aïn Barbar and Its Cu–Zn–Pb Vein Mineralization

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Abstract

In northeast Algeria, the internal Edough massif of the Alpine Maghrebide belt, is an inlier of basement rocks under a cover of Cretaceous (Kabylian) and Cenozoic (Numidian) flysch nappes. During the late Oligocene-early Miocene, the Edough massif was an Oligo-Miocene metamorphic core complex involving the basement rocks (Pan-African gneiss, marble, amphibolite) and its Paleozoic cover. In a short time interval from latest Burdigalian to early Langhian (ca. 17–15 Ma), felsic intrusive rocks were emplaced in the basement and its tectonic cover under progressively shallower conditions (granite to rhyolite) that define the Edough-Cap de Fer magmatic district. At Aïn Barbar, during intrusion of microgranites at ca. 16 Ma, a high-enthalpy, liquid-dominated geothermal system was active in the Cretaceous flysch reservoir, with Oligo-Miocene Numidian flysch serving as an impermeable cap. Temperatures as high as ca. 350–375 °C were attained in the deep parts of the Aïn Barbar paleogeothermal field, at a depth of ca. 1.3–1.5 km. Input of massive amounts of sodium resulted in the formation of metasomatic plagioclase-rich hornfels (Chaïba domain), whereas higher in the Cretaceous flysch aquifer, invasion of hot fluids (300–270 °C) was associated with hydrothermal metamorphism (quartz-chlorite, calcite-chlorite, wairakite-chlorite, and epidote domains). The source of these hot fluids was a basement of the Edough type, in which advection of heat was likely related to emplacement of a granite batholith at depth. Concomitant with the paleogeothermal circulations, fault activity created N170° E fracture zones that progressively channelled fluid flow, with related development of linear propylitically altered zones and precipitation of Zn–Pb–Cu sulphides at temperatures between 330 and 285 °C. At ca. 15 Ma, renewed magmatic activity (subvolcanic rhyolite dikes) was associated with a new and shallower (ca. 800 m depth) geothermal system, involving the convective circulation of surficial fluids (meteoric and possibly seawater) at temperatures between 300 and 250 °C. Epithermal quartz and sulphides were deposited in the same vein systems as in the previous mineralization stage, but remained uneconomic. However, concomitant formation of massive adularia during alteration of the Chaïba rhyolite produced an economic K-feldspar body mined for ceramics.

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Acknowledgments

J. Slack is warmly thanked for his careful editing work and improvement of the manuscript. M. Pichavant and S. Barrat cheerfully helped for thermodynamic calculations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Géoressources, UMR-CNRS 7359, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, Campus ARTEM, 54042 CS14234, Nancy Cedex, France

    C Marignac & A Cheilletz

  2. Laboratoire de métallogénie, FSTGAT- USTHB-Algiers, BP32 El Alia, 1600, Alger, Algeria

    D. E. Aïssa

  3. CRPG UMR-CNRS 7358 15 rue Notre-Dame des Pauvres, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France

    E Deloule

  4. Laboratoire EDYTEM UMR-CNRS 5204, Bâtimen “Pôle Montagne”, Université de Savoie, Campus Technolac, 73 376, Le-Bourget-du-Lac, France

    D Gasquet

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Correspondence to C Marignac .

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  1. Earth Sciences, Mohammed Ist University, Oujda, Morocco

    Mohammed Bouabdellah

  2. U.S. Geological Survey (Emeritus), Farmington, Maine, USA

    John F. Slack

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Marignac, C., Aïssa, D.E., Deloule, E., Cheilletz, A., Gasquet, D. (2016). Edough-Cap de Fer Polymetallic District, Northeast Algeria: I. The Late Miocene Paleogeothermal System of Aïn Barbar and Its Cu–Zn–Pb Vein Mineralization. In: Bouabdellah, M., Slack, J. (eds) Mineral Deposits of North Africa. Mineral Resource Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31733-5_9

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