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Neural Engineering pp 261–298Cite as

In Vitro Modeling of Nervous System: Engineering of the Reflex Arc

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Abstract

Neural models are invaluable for understanding the physiology and pathology of the nervous system as well as for developing therapeutic strategies targeting relevant injury and diseases. New developments in the field of stem cells enable great feasibility and potential for generating in vitro models of the nervous system, especially human-based models to study diseases and for drug screening. The reflex arc has been a popular model system for studying neural regulation and circuit modulation. Numerous in vitro models of this system have been generated, among which modeling of the efferent portion of the reflex arc, the connection between motoneurons and skeletal muscles, or the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), has been the central focus. To a lesser extent, the afferent portion, or intrafusal fiber to sensory neuron segment, has also been studied as well as the sensory neuron to motoneuron connections. Furthermore, the integration of interdisciplinary technologies such as surface patterning, microelectrode arrays, and cantilever systems is driving biological NMJ systems more toward in vitro platforms for high content and high throughput capabilities which are suitable for drug screening. To better mimic the in vivo condition, inclusions of other components are also in progress, such as the blood–brain barrier, Bio-MEMs technologies and multi-organ-on-a-chip systems. The concurrent progress in integration of biology and engineering will accelerate the development of these in vitro nervous system models which have an increasing suitability for studying physiology and pathology of the human nervous system as well as for use in drug discovery research.

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Abbreviations

Ach:

Acetyl choline

AchR:

Acetyl choline receptor

ASC:

Adult stem cells

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Bio-MEMs:

Biomedical or biological microelectromechanical systems

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

BMECs:

Brain microvascular endothelial cells

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebral spinal fluid

CMOS:

Complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

CMS:

Congenital myasthenic syndromes

DETA:

N-1(3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl) diethylenetriamine

DRG:

Dorsal root ganglia

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FTD:

Frontotemporal dementia

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

MEA:

Microelectrode array

MNs:

Motoneurons

NMJ:

Neuromuscular junction

NVU:

Neurovascular unit

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PCB:

Printed circuit board

SAM:

Self-assembled monolayers

SKM:

Skeletal muscles

SMA:

Spinal muscular atrophy

TEER:

Trans-endothelial electrical resistance

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  1. Hybrid Systems Lab, NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA

    Xiufang Guo, Frank Sommerhage, Christopher McAleer, Candace Martin, Christopher Long, Ying Wang, Navaneetha Santhanam, Alisha Colon, Carlota Oleaga Sancho & James Hickman

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Correspondence to James Hickman .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. & Aero Eng., Biomed.Eng & Medicine, The George Washington Univ.,Dept of Mech, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Lijie Grace Zhang

  2. Dept of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University,Stern Family Prof., Medford, Massachusetts, USA

    David L. Kaplan

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Guo, X. et al. (2016). In Vitro Modeling of Nervous System: Engineering of the Reflex Arc. In: Zhang, L., Kaplan, D. (eds) Neural Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31433-4_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31433-4_9

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31433-4

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