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Sleep Disorders in Children pp 129–153Cite as

Sleep Disorders in Newborns and Infants

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Abstract

During infancy, sleep is at a lifetime maximum, and the maturation of sleep is one of the most important physiological processes occurring during the first year of life, particularly the first 6 months. Sleep has a marked effect on cardiorespiratory control which is also rapidly maturing during infancy. Immaturity of cardiorespiratory control frequently leads to respiratory instability and prolonged pauses in breathing as manifest in apnea of prematurity and periodic breathing. During infancy, central apneas are common and obstructive apnea is rare. Although currently believed to be benign during this early period of development, there is growing evidence that they may be associated with developmental deficits in neurocognition. A failure of cardiorespiratory control mechanisms, together with an impaired arousal from sleep response, is believed to play an important role in the final event of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The “triple-risk model” describes SIDS as an event that results from the intersection of three overlapping factors: (1) a vulnerable infant, (2) a critical developmental period in homeostatic control, and (3) an exogenous stressor. In an attempt to understand how the triple-risk hypothesis is related to infant cardiorespiratory physiology, many researchers have examined how the known risk and protective factors for SIDS alter infant physiology and arousal, particularly during sleep. This review discusses the association between the three components of the triple-risk hypothesis and major risk factors for SIDS, such as prone sleeping and maternal smoking, together with three “protective” factors, and cardiovascular control and arousability from sleep in infants, and discusses their potential involvement in SIDS.

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  1. The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 5, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia

    Rosemary S. C. Horne PhD

  2. Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Rosemary S. C. Horne PhD

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  1. Department of Neurology, Charles University and General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

    Soňa Nevšímalová

  2. Sapienza University, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Rome, Roma, Italy

    Oliviero Bruni

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Horne, R.S.C. (2017). Sleep Disorders in Newborns and Infants. In: Nevšímalová, S., Bruni, O. (eds) Sleep Disorders in Children. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28640-2_8

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