Abstract
In this chapter we reflect on the use of the Washington Group’s functionality approach to identifying disabilities in fieldwork conducted across 3 years and six countries. Funded by the Australian government, researchers from the University of Sydney explored the adequacy of systems used by UNHCR and other agencies to identify disabilities in populations of displaced persons. They found that humanitarian agencies have relied heavily on either self-reporting by persons with disabilities or on the visual identification of impairments. The inadequacies in this approach are apparent in agency records showing disability rates in refugee populations that fall way below the averages suggested by the World Health Organisation in its Global Disabilities Report. We found that the High Commissioner for Refugees was accurate in describing persons with disabilities as the invisible and forgotten refugees. Our research examined the dramatically different results achieved by UNHCR when versions of the Washington Group questions were used in a verification exercise in Pakistan. If a similar approach were adopted in registration procedures across the world, we argue that UNHCR would generate data that aligns more closely with global standards. Data on disabilities is critical to developing accessible programs. Of course, asking the right questions is only one part of a complex equation. The nature of displacement throws up many challenges to identification. Awareness raising and training are crucial, as is the dissemination of information in suitable languages and formats. Empowering refugee communities and groups of refugees with disabilities creates valuable conduits for referrals.
This chapter draws on an article prepared during an early stage of the “Protection of Refugees with Disabilities” Project. See: Smith-Khan et al. 2015a.
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- 1.
Turkey is a party to the Refugee Convention, but limits its application to refugees from Europe. Malaysia ratified the CRPD on 19 July 2010; Indonesia on 30 November 2011; Pakistan on 5 July 2011; Turkey on 28 September 2009; Jordan on 31 March 2008. Uganda acceded to the Refugee Convention and its Protocol on 27 September 1976. Turkey ratified the Refugee Convention on 30 March 1962 and acceded to its Protocol on 31 July 1968.
- 2.
See further below. The behaviours exhibited may also reflect the aspiration of the participants that involvement in the survey could deliver a benefit, for example in terms of resettlement to a third country. This was despite every effort on our part to explain the nature of the research and what participation in the survey would (and would not) mean for them.
- 3.
We have not obtained ProGres data from UNHCR Pakistan, so it was not possible to compare the data collected during the PPVR with standard ProGres data on disabilities in Pakistan. However, even if this were available to us, the majority of refugees in Pakistan are not registered with UNHCR, but rather in the Government of Pakistan’s database (interview with UNHCR Islamabad, 9 April 2013) meaning that comparative value would be limited.
- 4.
It should be noted that earlier guidance in UNHCR’s Registration Handbook mentions only a “Disabled” category for persons of concern who are “physically or mentally disabled” (UNHCR 2003: 169).
- 5.
Cognitive functioning of persons with cerebral palsy is a complex area, with varied ability reported: see Fennell and Dikel (2001) for a description.
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Acknowledgement
Special thanks to Ron McCallum AO for comments on the chapter in draft. In writing this chapter we acknowledge with gratitude financial assistance received from Mrs Judy Harris and AusAID for the “Protection of Refugees with Disabilities” Project. The views expressed are those of the authors alone.
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Crock, M., Smith-Khan, L. (2016). Swift and Systematic? Identifying and Recording Disability in Forced Migration. In: Altman, B. (eds) International Measurement of Disability. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 61. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28498-9_16
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