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Advances in Water Resources Management pp 247–292Cite as

One-Dimensional Model of Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem/Ecotoxicology in River Systems

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Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 16))

Abstract

A one-dimensional water quality and aquatic ecology/ecotoxicology model has been incorporated into a package for the modeling of hydrodynamic, sediment transport, contaminant transport, water quality, aquatic ecosystem, and ecotoxicology in river systems. The water quality model alone can be used to determine water temperature, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, nitrogen, phosphorus, and conservative chemical such as chloride. The aquatic ecosystem model considers a basic food web structure consisting of four trophic levels: phytoplankton, zooplankton, forage fish, and predatory fish, undergoing various biological processes such as photosynthesis, grazing, respiration, excretion, defecation, mortality, gamete, and reproduction. The model simulates the bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in organisms by uptake, depuration and dietary, and takes into account the effects of toxicity on organisms through modification factors of photosynthesis, grazing, and gamete mortality. The modeling package has been tested by simulating the water quality parameters in the Tualatin River, Oregon and the water quality, aquatic ecosystem, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) transport and bioaccumulation in the Upper Hudson River, New York. The simulated water quality parameters, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass, fish populations, and PCB concentrations in fish are in generally good agreement with the measurement data.

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Abbreviations

[H]+ :

Molar concentration of hydrogen ion, mol/m3

[OH]− :

Molar concentration of hydroxide ion, mol/m3

A:

Cross-sectional flow area, m2

Ca :

Biomass concentration of phytoplankton, g/m3, or μg/L

cb :

Bowen coefficient

CCBOD :

Concentration of carbonaceous biological oxygen demand (CBOD), g/m3

CDO :

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, g/m3

C′DO :

Saturation DO concentration, g/m3

Cg :

Gas-phase concentration of the contaminant, g/m3

CL :

Fraction of cloud cover

Cm :

Concentration of suspended solid, g/m3

CNH3 :

Concentration of ammonia nitrogen, g/m3

CNO3 :

Concentration of nitrate nitrogen, g/m3

CON :

Concentration of organic nitrogen, g/m3

COP :

Concentration of organic phosphorus, g/m3

cp :

Specific heat capacity

CPO4 :

Concentration of orthophosphate, g/m3

Ctb,i :

Total concentration of contaminant in bed layer i

Cti :

Contaminant concentration associated with organism i in unit volume of water column, g/m3

Ctw :

Total concentration of contaminant in the water column, g/m3

Db :

Sediment deposition rate, m/d

Dx :

Longitudinal dispersion coefficient, m2/s

eair :

Air vapor pressure, mb

εair :

Emissivity value of air

Eb :

Sediment erosion rate, m/d

es :

Saturation vapor pressure, mb

εwater :

Emissivity value of water

fact :

Factor for respiratory rate associated with swimming or active respiratory fraction

fdb,1 :

Fraction of dissolved contaminant in bed surface layer

fden :

Density-dependent respiration factor

fdw :

Fraction of dissolved concentration to the total concentration of contaminant in water column

fdyn :

Proportion of assimilated energy lost to specific dynamic action

f′ib :

Increase factor in the gamete due to toxic chemicals

f′ig :

Reduction factor in animal growth due to toxic chemicals

fij :

Relative preference factor of predator j feeding on organism i as food

fL :

Light limitation factor

fN :

Nutrient limitation factor

fNH3 :

Fraction of ammonia in dead organic material

fpb :

Fraction of particulate contaminant in the bed sediment

fPBOD :

Fraction of particulate CBOD in total CBOD

fPO4 :

Fraction of phosphate in dead organic material

fPON :

Fraction of particulate organic nitrogen to organic nitrogen

fPOP :

Fraction of particulate organic phosphorus to organic phosphorus

fpw :

Fraction of particulate contaminant in the water column

fshade :

Shading factor defined as the fraction of potential solar radiation that is blocked due to riparian vegetation and landscape

fT :

Temperature limitation factor

fTOX :

Reduction factor due to toxic chemicals

H:

Henry’s law constant, atm m3/mol

hCBOD :

Half-saturation DO concentration for CBOD decay, g/m3

hL :

Half-saturation light intensity for phytoplankton growth

hN :

Half-saturation concentration for nitrogen, g/m3

hN :

Michaelis–Menten constant for nitrogen uptake, mgN/L

hNH3 :

Half-saturation DO concentration for nitrification, g/m3

hNO3 :

Half-saturation DO concentration for denitrification, g/m3

hOP :

Half-saturation phytoplankton conc. for mineralization of phosphorus, g/m3

hP :

Half-saturation concentration for phosphorus, g/m3

I0 :

Light intensity at the water surface

ICi50 :

Internal concentration of the contaminant in the biotic organism

Jdbw :

Vertical diffusion fluxes between water column and bed surface layer, g/m2d

Kb :

Biodegradation rate, 1/d

KCBOD :

CBOD decay rate, 1/d

Kd :

Sorption–desorption coefficient, m3/g

kdbi,i+1 :

Diffusional transfer coefficient of dissolved contaminant between layers i and i + 1

kdbw :

Diffusional transfer coefficient of dissolved contaminant across the bed surface

KH :

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis rate, m3/mold

Ki :

Carrying capacity of fish i, g/m3

Ki1 :

Uptake rate of contaminant of organism i, 1/d

Ki2 :

Depuration rate of contaminant of organism i, 1/d

Kib :

Gamete loss rate of organism i, 1/d

Kib0 :

Intrinsic gamete mortality rate, 1/d

Kid :

Defecation rate of biotic organism i, 1/d

Kie :

Excretion rate of biotic organism i, 1/d

Kie,max :

Maximum rate of excretion of organism i, 1/d

Kig :

Grazing rate of organism i, 1/d

Kig,max :

Maximum grazing rate of organism i, 1/d

Kim :

Nonpredatory mortality rate of organism i, 1/d

Kim,max :

Maximum rate of nonpredatory mortality of organism i, 1/d

Kir :

Respiration rate of biotic organism i, 1/d

Kir,max :

Maximum respiration rate of organism i, 1/d

Kir0 :

Basal or standard respiratory rate, 1/d

Kire :

Reproduction rate of organism i, 1/d

KN :

Neutral hydrolysis rate, 1/d

KNH3 :

Nitrification rate, 1/d

KNO3 :

Denitrification rate, 1/d

KOH :

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis rate, m3/mol d

KON :

Mineralization rate of organic nitrogen, 1/d

KOP :

Mineralization rate of organic phosphorus, 1/d

Kp :

Photolysis rate, 1/d

KRE :

Depth-averaged reaeration rate, 1/d

ktb,i :

Decay coefficient of contaminant at layer i

KTg1 :

Coefficient representing the relationships of growth on temperature below the optimal temperature

KTg2 :

Coefficient representing the relationships of growth on temperature above the optimal temperature

Kv :

Volatilization rate, m/d

LCi50 :

Internal concentration (the concentration of contaminant in water that causes 50 % mortality for a given period of exposure)

m:

Suspended sediment concentration by volume

pji :

Preference of predator i feeding on organism j as food

pNH3 :

Ammonia preference factor

Q:

Flow discharge, m3/s

ql :

Latent heat flux

qlw :

Long-wave atmospheric radiation

qs :

Convective heat flux

qsw :

Solar radiation

qsw,clear :

Short-wave radiation reaching the water surface on a clear day after atmospheric attenuation

qt,ex :

Total exchange rate of contaminant due to sediment erosion and deposition, g/m2d

qtbi,i+1 :

Total exchange rate of contaminant between layers i and i + 1 due to lowering and rising of the interface

qtw :

Total loading rate of contaminant per unit volume, g/m3d

R:

Universal gas constant, atm m3/mol °K

Rlw :

Reflectivity of water surface for long-wave radiation

Rsw :

Albedo or reflection coefficient

SSOD :

Sediment oxygen demand flux, g/m2s

t:

Time, s

T:

Water temperature, °C

t1 :

Exposure time in toxicity test

t2 :

Period of exposure

Tair :

Air temperature, °K

TK :

Water temperature in °K

Topt :

Optimal temperature for biological growth

Twater :

Water temperature, °K or °C

U:

Flow velocity, m/s

α:

Velocity correction coefficient

αNC :

Stoichiometric ratio of nitrogen to carbon, gN/gC

αPC :

Stoichiometric ratio of phosphorus to carbon, gP/gC

γ:

Light extinction, 1/m

γ0 :

Background light extinction, 1/m

δi :

Thickness of layer i

θ:

Temperature coefficient

λi :

Grazing limitation factor

νi :

Concentration of contaminant in biotic organism i, g/g

ρ:

Water density, kg/m3

ρd :

Dry density of the bed sediment, g/m3

σ:

Stefan–Boltzmann constant, W/m2 °K4

ϕ:

Porosity

ωa :

Settling velocity of phytoplankton, m/d

ωCBOD :

Settling velocity of CBOD, m/s

ωON :

Settling velocity of organic nitrogen, m/s

ωOP :

Settling velocity of organic phosphorus, m/s

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Previously at, 1157 Crane Crest Way, Orlando, FL, 32825, USA

    Podjanee Inthasaro Ph.D.

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wallance H. Coulter School of Engineering, Clarkson University, Box 5710, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA

    Weiming Wu Ph.D.

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Correspondence to Weiming Wu Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lenox Institute of Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

    Chih Ted Yang

  3. Lenox Institute of Technology, Newtonville, New York, USA

    Mu-Hao S. Wang

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Inthasaro, P., Wu, W. (2016). One-Dimensional Model of Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem/Ecotoxicology in River Systems. In: Wang, L., Yang, C., Wang, MH. (eds) Advances in Water Resources Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22924-9_3

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