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Trauma, Nutrition, and Malnutrition in the Andean Highlands During Peru’s Dark Age (1000–1250 C.E.)

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Book cover The Archaeology of Food and Warfare

Abstract

The correspondence between increased morbidity and excess mortality often emanates from the enduring and multifarious shock waves of sociopolitical and economic insecurity brought about by the “failure” of modern states and the collapse of ancient empires. This paper contributes to debates regarding elevated morbidity and excess mortality by evaluating how food and warfare were differentially accessed and experienced during a well-known period of tumultuous violence and deprivation. A multi-focal, well-contextualized bioarchaeological approach allows us to reconstruct the lived experiences of individuals, biological and/or social groups, and entire populations. This study focuses on domains including cranial modification to ascertain social affiliation, cranial lesions to gauge nutritional inefficiencies, carbon and oxygen isotope analysis to inform on dietary homogeneity and transhumance, and cranial trauma as a proxy for violence. Scrutinizing the tangled intersections of these axes allows us to better understand how warfare and deprivation get under the skin in the generations proceeding imperial fragmentation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    By the sixteenth century, cranial modification was outlawed, and categories including the piwi churi, sullka, and chacpa largely collapsed as the Spanish instituted a new system of social ordering and administration (Betanzos 1996[1557]).

  2. 2.

    For instance, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), a major cultigen throughout the Andes during multiple periods (Meddens and Branch 2010), was conspicuously absent.

  3. 3.

    As usual, δ13C values are reported relative to VPDB using NBS-19 as the standard reference material.

  4. 4.

    Dietary outliers were identified as stable isotopic values that were enriched/depleted by ±2–3 ‰ in relation to individual cave means (Turner et al. 2010; Wright and Schwartz 1999).

  5. 5.

    Local residential origin was confirmed through strontium isotope analysis (Kurin 2012).

  6. 6.

    Skeletal lesions may not have time to form in acute, virulent, and fatal infections (Wood et al. 1992).

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to the editors, Amber VanDerwarker and Greg Wilson, for inviting me to be part of this volume and for their patience. I am appreciative of their comments, as well as those of the anonymous reviewers, whose prescient insights vastly improved the quality of this manuscript. Enmanuel Gómez Choque codirected excavations and aided in every step of the research program, which was supported by funding from Fulbright Hays, the National Science Foundation, and Vanderbilt University. The Peruvian Ministry of Culture granted research permissions, Scotti Norman made the map, and Ellen Lofaro helped with the isotopic work.

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  1. University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

    Danielle S. Kurin

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Correspondence to Danielle S. Kurin .

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  1. University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    Amber M. VanDerwarker

  2. University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    Gregory D. Wilson

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Kurin, D.S. (2016). Trauma, Nutrition, and Malnutrition in the Andean Highlands During Peru’s Dark Age (1000–1250 C.E.). In: VanDerwarker, A., Wilson, G. (eds) The Archaeology of Food and Warfare. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18506-4_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18506-4_11

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