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Market-Based Fisheries Management pp 13–43Cite as

Growth and Management

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Part of the book series: MARE Publication Series ((MARE,volume 16))

Abstract

This chapter seeks to reframe the reductionist historical narrative explaining problems of overfishing with a combination of human economic behavior, technological innovations, and lack of property rights. Instead, contemporary Danish commercial fisheries are seen as part of a more complex long-term development, with close attention paid to the actions of state, management, organizational politics, private companies, fishers, and their communities. The aim is to show the interplay of a broad range of factors, structures, and actors that influence fisheries management. Thus, the chapter seeks to avoid reducing the history of quota privatization to a simple and deterministic narrative of technological development and the tragedy of open access. The history of fishing is much more nuanced than this. This inquiry therefore looks more closely at, behind, and around the axioms of fisheries management narratives.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Most of the community studies into Danish fisheries were conducted in the 1970s and 1980s before output and quota management were introduced. The management and regulation of fishing is seldom mentioned. The study of technological developments often illustrates the important role of state loans and subsidies but not the management aspect (Hjorth Rasmussen 1984). One exception is the PhD thesis of Morten Karnøe Søndergaard, which includes a study of technology within a management, organizational, and political contextualization (Søndergaard 2004, 2008).

  2. 2.

    Earlier studies often focused on a specific community, and unfortunately the management and regulations of access were often absent or left somewhat untouched. Some publications give a national and historical overview, but they often concentrate on the technological and quantitative developments. Recently a group of museums in coastal regions have published documentation on the development of the fisheries in a number of communities (Holm 1994, Byskov 2010). Compared to other nations, such as for instance Norway or Iceland where fishing represents a larger part of the economy and national identity, Denmark has little coherent literature on the development of the fishing sector and the management dimension in particular.

  3. 3.

    Danish seine, sometimes also called anchor seining, is a seine haul technique based on the beach seine. Its development in 1848 is credited to the Limfjord fisher Jens Væver.

  4. 4.

    The captain of industry is in Thorstein Veblen’s account opposed to the absentee owner, where the managerial tasks take the “captain” away from the actual process of production. It should be noted that Veblen argues that this characterization is a myth and is actually based on far fewer people than the popularity of the characterization suggests. “In the beginning the captain was an adventurer in industrial enterprise—hence the name given to him; very much as the itinerant merchant of the days of petty trade had once been an adventurer in commerce. He was a person of insight—perhaps chiefly industrial insight—and of initiative and energy, who was able to see something of the industrial reach and drive of that new mechanical technology that was finding its way into the industries, and who went about to contrive ways and means of turning these technological resources to new uses and a larger efficiency; always with a view to his own gain from turning out a more serviceable product with greater expedition.” (Veblen 1964, p. 102).

  5. 5.

    Deck boats were known in other regions and countries, but the development of a deck boat suitable for landing and hauling onto the beach was conducted by a ship builder in Vorupør around 1889−1890 (Hjorth Rasmussen 1984).

  6. 6.

    Another aspect of globalization is the spread of eating habits. These habits influence not only how fish are processed and prepared but can also greatly increase the value of fish species. In Danish waters, for example, bluefin tuna was historically considered a nuisance. Mainly caught as a sports fish for leisure, its only market was as a trash fish for pig feed. Only during the world wars could tuna be sold for human consumption. Bluefin tuna disappeared from Danish waters in the 1960s before the introduction of quotas and before sushi became a popular meal choice in Denmark.

  7. 7.

    The term mare clausum is used to mention a sea, ocean, or other navigable body of water controlled by a state that is closed or not accessible to other states. In contrast, mare liberum is a term for a sea that is open to navigation to ships of all nations.

  8. 8.

    http://www.fao.org/docrep/s5280T/s5280t0p.htm (Accessed August 12, 2012).

  9. 9.

    The Second Truman Proclamation from 1945: “In view of the pressing need for conservation and protection of fishery resources, the Government of the United States regards it as proper to establish conservation zones in those areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States wherein fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed and maintained on a substantial scale. Where such activities have been or shall hereafter be developed and maintained by its nationals alone, the United States regards it as proper to establish explicitly bounded conservation zones in which fishing activities shall be subject to the regulation and control of the United States.”

  10. 10.

    Because the baseline upon which the 4-mile zone was mapped out was also simultaneously changed, the consequences of the extension from 3 to 4 miles were graver than indicated in the 1 mile change.

  11. 11.

    Fishing News, August 7, 1948, Page 3.

  12. 12.

    “Typical too of Danish fishing is the use of the seine in preference to the trawl. Danish fishermen have specialized in this method, which is admirably suited to conditions in Danish waters. The seine does not damage the fish and often has a live catch, thus ensuring fish of good quality.” Fishing News, August 7, 1948, Page 3.

  13. 13.

    “After all, it was with a particular social welfare function in mind that our founders determined that certain natural resources would remain the common property of all—not the private property of the few.” (Bromley 1982, quoted from McCay and Acheson 1987, p. 195).

  14. 14.

    The illegal landings were primarily achieved by registering the catch onto another vessel, by registering it as another species or by changing the dates (to the next ration period).

  15. 15.

    Technically the systems can be rolled back with 8 years notice. However, most people in and around the sector agree that this clause is unrealistic and impracticable at the current moment. Bank loans, for example, can be given on a 20-year term.

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  1. Department of Ethnology Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Jeppe Høst

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Høst, J. (2015). Growth and Management. In: Market-Based Fisheries Management. MARE Publication Series, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16432-8_2

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