Abstract
Despite an increase in pharmacy practice research, literature addressing the attitudes and involvement of pharmacists is limited. Our own observations as pharmacy practitioners and educators lead us to believe that, so far, pharmacists are reluctant to participate in research at any level and indicate some barriers to research. In this chapter, we review the literature and gauge the views and attitudes of pharmacists with regard to their involvement in research. We also identify the barriers as well as outline the enablers to conducting such research. The chapter highlights pharmacists’ attitudes and trends towards pharmacy practice research over the past three decades. We mainly utilised MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Google Scholar to identify published studies surrounding this issue.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2012) Primary care practice-based research networks: An AHRQ initiative. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/primary/pbrn/index.html
Ambler S, Sheldrake L (2009) Pharmacy practice research: challenges and opportunities. Prim Health Care Res Dev 10:4–6. doi: 10.1017/S1463423608000935
Anderson C, Blenkinsopp A, Armstrong M (2008) The contribution of community pharmacy to improving the public’s health: literature review update 2004–07. PHLink, London
Armour C, Brillant M, Krass I (2007) Pharmacists’ views on involvement in pharmacy practice research: strategies for facilitating participation. Pharm Pract 5(2):59–66
Awaisu A, Bakdach D, Elajez RH, Zaidan M (2014) Hospital pharmacists’ self-evaluation of their competence and confidence in conducting pharmacy practice research. SPJ doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.10.002
Bakker A (1996) Pharmacy-practice research: a challenge for academia and practicing pharmacists. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 71(5):373–379. doi:10.1016/S0031-6865(96)00036-2
Blouin RA, Bergstrom RF, Ellingrod VL, Fletcher CV, Leff RD, Morris A, Okita RT, Roberts JC, Tracy TS, Sagraves R, Miller KW (2007) Report of the AACP Educating Clinical Scientists Task Force. Am J Pharm Educ 71(4):S05
Bond C (2006) The need for pharmacy practice research. Int J Pharm Pract 14(1):1–2. doi:10.1211/ijpp.14.1.0001
Carr MB, Divine H, Hanna C, Freeman PR, Blumenschein K (2011) Independent community pharmacist interest in participating in community pharmacy research networks. J Am Pharm Assoc 51(6):727–733
Dougherty D, Conway PH (2008) The “3 T’s” road map to transform US health care: the “how” of high-quality care. JAMA 299(19):2319–2321. doi:10.1001/jama.299.19.2319
Dowling TC, Murphy JE, Kalus JS et al (2009) Recommended education for pharmacists as competitive clinical scientists. Pharmacotherapy 29(2):236–244. doi:10.1592/phco.29.2.236
Elkassem W, Pallivalapila A, Al Hail M, McHattie L, Diack L, Stewart D (2013) Advancing the pharmacy practice research agenda: views and experiences of pharmacists in Qatar. Int J Clin Pharm 35(5):692–696. doi:10.1007/s11096-013-9802-z
Ellerby DA, Williams A, Winfield AJ (1993) The level of interest in pharmacy practice research among community pharmacists. Pharm J 251:321–322
Eriksen IL, Andrew E (1986) Pharmacist involvement in Norwegian clinical drug trials: a questionnaire study. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 20(5):391–395
Fagan SC, Touchette D, Smith JA, Sowinski KM, Dolovich L, Olson KL, Cheang KI, Kolesar JM, Crismon ML (2006) The state of science and research in clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 26(7):1027–1040. doi:10.1592/phco.26.7.1027
Farland MZ, Franks AS, Byrd DC, Thomas JL, Suda KJ (2012) Development of a primary care pharmacist practice-based research network. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 4(2):150–154
Goode JV, Mott DA, Chater R (2008) Collaborations to facilitate success of community pharmacy practice-based research networks. J Am Pharm Assoc 48:153–162
Hatoum HT, Akhras K (1993) A 32-year literature review on the value and acceptance of ambulatory care provided by clinical pharmacists. Ann Pharmacother 27(9):1108–1119
Hatoum HT, Catizone C, Hutchinson RA, Purohit A (1986) An eleven-year review of the pharmacy literature: documentation of the value and acceptance of clinical pharmacy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 20(1):33–48
Hébert J, Laliberté M-C, Berbiche D, Martin E, Lalonde L (2013) The willingness of community pharmacists to participate in a practice-based research network. Can Pharm J 146(1):47–54
Hepler CD, Strand LM (1990) Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 47(3):533–543
Holland RW, Nimmo CM (1999) Transitions in pharmacy practice, part 1: beyond pharmaceutical care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 56(17):1758–1764
Johnson JA, Bootman JL (1997) Drug-related morbidity and mortality and the economic impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 54(5):554–558
Kanjanarach T, Numchaitosapol S, Jaisa-ard R (2012) Thai pharmacists’ attitudes and experiences of research. Res Soc Admin Pharm 8(6):e58–e59
Knapp KK, Manolakis M, Webster AA, Olsen KM (2011) Projected growth in pharmacy education and research, 2010 to 2015. Am J Pharm Educ 75(6):108. doi:10.5688/ajpe756108
Koshman SL (2011) What is pharmacy research? Can J Hosp Pharm 64(2):154–155
Kritikos VS, Carter S, Moles RJ, Krass I (2013) Undergraduate pharmacy students’ perceptions of research in general and attitudes towards pharmacy practice research. Int J Pharm Pract 21(3):192–201. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.2012.00241.x
Krska J, Kennedy EJ, Hansford D, John DN (1998) Pharmacists’ opinions on their involvement in a community pharmacy based practice research study. Pharm J 261:R54
Liddell H (1996) Attitudes of community pharmacists regarding involvement in practice research. Pharm J 256:905–907
Lipowski EE (2008) Pharmacy practice-based research networks: why, what, who, and how. J Am Pharm Assoc 48(2):142–152
Marinac JS, Kuo GM (2010) Characterizing the American College of Clinical Pharmacy practice-based research network. Pharmacotherapy 30(8):865
Miller RR (1981) History of clinical pharmacy and clinical pharmacology. J Clin Pharmacol 21(4):195–197
Penna RP (1990) Pharmaceutical care: pharmacy’s mission for the 1990s. Am J Health Syst Pharm 47(3):543–549
Perreault MM, Thiboutot Z, Burry LD et al (2012) Canadian survey of critical care pharmacists’ views and involvement in clinical research. Ann Pharmacother 46(9):1167–1173
Peterson GM, Jackson SL, Fitzmaurice KD, Gee PR (2009) Attitudes of Australian pharmacists towards practice-based research. J Clin Pharm Ther 34(4):397–405. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.01020.x
Poloyac SM, Empey KM, Rohan LC et al (2011) Core competencies for research training in the clinical pharmaceutical sciences. Am J Pharm Educ 75(2):27
Roberts R, Kennington E (2010a) Pharmacy practice research has an impact on each and every pharmacist. Pharm J 284:267–268
Roberts R, Kennington E (2010b) What are the benefits for pharmacists of engaging in practice research? Pharm J 284:291–292
Roberts R, Kennington E (2010c) Getting involved in pharmacy research. Pharm J 284:365–367
Rosenbloom K, Taylor K, Harding G (2000) Community pharmacists’ attitudes towards research. Int J Pharm Pract 8(2):103–110. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.2000.tb00994.x
Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS (1996) Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. Br Med J 312(7023):71–72
Saini B, Brillant M, Filipovska J, Gelgor L, Mitchell B, Rose G, Smith L (2006) Factors influencing Australian community pharmacists’ willingness to participate in research projects — an exploratory study. Int J Pharm Pract 14(3):179–188. doi:10.1211/ijpp.14.3.0004
Schumock GT, Butler MG, Meek PD, Vermeulen LC, Arondekar BV, Bauman JL (2003) Evidence of the economic benefit of clinical pharmacy services: 1996–2000. Pharmacotherapy 23(1):113–132
Schumock GT, Meek PD, Ploetz PA, Vermeulen LC (1996) Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services: 1988–1995. Pharmacotherapy 16(6):1188–1208
Schommer JC, Brown LM, Doucette WR, Goode J-V, Oliveira DRd (2010) Innovations in pharmacy through practice-based research. Innov Pharm 1(1): Article 9
Schwartz MA (1986) Academic pharmacy 1986: are clinical pharmacists meeting the clinical scientist role? Am J Pharm Educ 50:462–464
Simpson SH, Johnson JA, Biggs C, Biggs RS, Kuntz A, Semchuk W, Tsuyuki RT (2001) Practice-based research: lessons from community pharmacist participants. Pharmacotherapy 21(6):731–739
Smith F (1999) Health services research methods in pharmacy: triangulation. Int J Pharm Pract 7(1):60–68. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1999.tb00949.x
Smith JA, Olson KL, Sowinski KM (2009) Pharmacy practice research careers. Pharmacotherapy 29(8):1007–1011
Tsuyuki RT, Schindel TJ (2008) Changing pharmacy practice: the leadership challenge. Can Pharm J 141(3):174–180
Van Mil J, Fernandez-Llimos F (2013) What is ‘pharmaceutical care’ in 2013? Int J Clin Pharm 35:1–2
Acknowledgement
Reprinted from Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2014.12.008., Awaisu A and Alsalimy N, Pharmacists’ involvement in and attitudes towards pharmacy practice research: a systematic review of the literature, 2014, with permission from Elsevier.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Awaisu, A., Kheir, N., Alsalimy, N., Babar, ZUD. (2015). Pharmacists’ Attitudes Towards Pharmacy Practice Research: A Review. In: Babar, ZUD. (eds) Pharmacy Practice Research Methods. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14672-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14672-0_13
Publisher Name: Adis, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14671-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14672-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)