Abstract
The (AODV) routing protocol allows the nodes in a (MANET) or a (WMN) to know where to forward data packets. Such a protocol is ‘loop free’ if it never leads to routing decisions that forward packets in circles. This paper describes the mechanization of an existing pen-and-paper proof of loop freedom of AODV in the interactive theorem prover Isabelle/HOL. The mechanization relies on a novel compositional approach for lifting invariants to networks of nodes. We exploit the mechanization to analyse several improvements of AODV and show that Isabelle/HOL can re-establish most proof obligations automatically and identify exactly the steps that are no longer valid.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bengtson, J., Parrow, J.: Psi-calculi in Isabelle. In: Berghofer, S., Nipkow, T., Urban, C., Wenzel, M. (eds.) TPHOLs 2009. LNCS, vol. 5674, pp. 99–114. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Bhargavan, K., Obradovic, D., Gunter, C.A.: Formal verification of standards for distance vector routing protocols. J. ACM 49(4), 538–576 (2002)
Bishop, S., Fairbairn, M., Norrish, M., Sewell, P., Smith, M., Wansbrough, K.: Engineering with logic: HOL specification and symbolic-evaluation testing for TCP implementations. In: POPL 2006, pp. 55–66. ACM (2006)
Bourke, T., van Glabbeek, R.J., Höfner, P.: Showing invariance compositionally for a process algebra for network protocols. In: Klein, G., Gamboa, R. (eds.) ITP 2014. LNCS, vol. 8558, pp. 144–159. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Bourke, T., Höfner, P.: Loop freedom of the (untimed) AODV routing protocol. Archive of Formal Proofs (2014), http://afp.sf.net/entries/AODV.shtml
Chaudhuri, K., Doligez, D., Lamport, L., Merz, S.: Verifying safety properties with the TLA + proof system. In: Giesl, J., Hähnle, R. (eds.) IJCAR 2010. LNCS, vol. 6173, pp. 142–148. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Dutertre, B., Schneider, S.: Using a PVS embedding of CSP to verify authentication protocols. In: Gunter, E.L., Felty, A.P. (eds.) TPHOLs 1997. LNCS, vol. 1275, pp. 121–136. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
Fehnker, A., van Glabbeek, R.J., Höfner, P., McIver, A., Portmann, M., Tan, W.L.: A process algebra for wireless mesh networks used for modelling, verifying and analysing AODV. Technical Report 5513, NICTA (2013), http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.7645
Feliachi, A., Gaudel, M.-C., Wolff, B.: Isabelle/Circus: A process specification and verification environment. In: Joshi, R., Müller, P., Podelski, A. (eds.) VSTTE 2012. LNCS, vol. 7152, pp. 243–260. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
van Glabbeek, R.J., Höfner, P., Tan, W.L., Portmann, M.: Sequence numbers do not guarantee loop freedom —AODV can yield routing loops—. In: MSWiM 2013, pp. 91–100. ACM (2013)
Göthel, T., Glesner, S.: An approach for machine-assisted verification of Timed CSP specifications. Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering 6(3), 181–193 (2010)
Heyd, B., Crégut, P.: A modular coding of UNITY in COQ. In: Goos, G., Hartmanis, J., van Leeuwen, J., von Wright, J., Grundy, J., Harrison, J. (eds.) TPHOLs 1996. LNCS, vol. 1125, pp. 251–266. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Hirschkoff, D.: A full formalisation of π-calculus theory in the Calculus of Constructions. In: Gunter, E.L., Felty, A.P. (eds.) TPHOLs 1997. LNCS, vol. 1275, pp. 153–169. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
IEEE: IEEE standard for information technology—telecommunications and information exchange between systems—local and metropolitan area networks—specific requirements part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 10: Mesh networking (2011)
Lynch, N.A.: Distributed Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann (1996)
Manna, Z., Pnueli, A.: Temporal Verification of Reactive Systems: Safety. Springer (1995)
Miskovic, S., Knightly, E.W.: Routing primitives for wireless mesh networks: Design, analysis and experiments. In: INFOCOM 2010, pp. 2793–2801. IEEE (2010)
Müller, O.: I/O automata and beyond: Temporal logic and abstraction in Isabelle. In: Grundy, J., Newey, M. (eds.) TPHOLs 1998. LNCS, vol. 1479, pp. 331–348. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Müller, O.: A Verification Environment for I/O Automata Based on Formalized Meta-Theory. Ph.D. thesis, TU München (1998)
Nipkow, T., Paulson, L.C., Wenzel, M.: Isabelle/HOL. LNCS, vol. 2283. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Paulson, L.C.: The inductive approach to verifying cryptographic protocols. J. Computer Security 6(1-2), 85–128 (1998)
Perkins, C.E., Royer, E.M.: Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing. In: Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA 1999), pp. 90–100. IEEE (1999)
Perkins, C.E., Belding-Royer, E.M., Das, S.R.: Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. RFC 3561 (Experimental), Network Working Group (2003), http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt
de Roever, W.P., de Boer, F., Hannemann, U., Hooman, J., Lakhnech, Y., Poel, M., Zwiers, J.: Concurrency Verification: Introduction to Compositional and Noncompositional Methods. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 54. Cambridge University Press (2001)
Schirmer, N., Wenzel, M.: State spaces—the locale way. In: Huuck, R., Klein, G., Schlich, B. (eds.) SSV 2009. ENTCS, vol. 254, pp. 161–179. Elsevier (2009)
Zhou, M., Yang, H., Zhang, X., Wang, J.: The proof of AODV loop freedom. In: WCSP 2009. IEEE (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bourke, T., van Glabbeek, R., Höfner, P. (2014). A Mechanized Proof of Loop Freedom of the (Untimed) AODV Routing Protocol. In: Cassez, F., Raskin, JF. (eds) Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis. ATVA 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8837. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11936-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11936-6_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11935-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11936-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)