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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 232 pp 45–60Cite as

Biological Responses of Agricultural Soils to Fly-Ash Amendment

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Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 232))

Abstract

Increased urbanization and industrialization worldwide has resulted in increased releases of solid waste, and enhanced environmental pollution around the globe. There are several categories of solid waste and these include sewage sludge, and municipal solid wastes (Singh et al. 2011). Fly Ash (FA), a coal combustion residue (CCR), is a major type of solid waste. The global dependence on coal as a major source of energy production, especially to produce electricity, has made FA a prime solid waste problem and a growing environmental pollutant. Proven global coal reserves have been estimated at 847 billion tons for the year 2007 (Sarkar et al. 2012). The USA has the largest share of global coal reserves (25.4 %), followed by Russia (15.9 %), China (11.6 %) and India (8.6 %) (Sarkar et al. 2012). Since India became independent in 1947, there has been a rapid increase in power generation, largely dominated by coal-based thermal generation constituting about 79 % of total production. Energy production has increased from a capacity of 1,362 MW in 1947 to 120,000 MW in 2005. The Indian government plans to increase installed capacity to 300,000 MW by 2017 (Kumar et al. 2005; Vaidya 2009). India, like the United States, Russia and China, possesses abundant coal reserves, and coal-fueled generation of electricity is the common national policy (Singh et al. 2012; Sarkar et al. 2012).

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Acknowledgement

Authors, both BS and RPS, are thankful to UGC, New Delhi (P01/679) as well as Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for necessary help. AS acknowledges the financial help in the form of DBT-RA from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, India. AS is also thankful to the Dr. Ganesh Kumar Agrawal, RLABB, Nepal for allowing this collaborative work. CS acknowledges the financial help from DST - PURSE program to Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, from Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, India.RPS, PS and MHI, are thankful to University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia for necessary help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Rajeev Pratap Singh & Bhavisha Sharma

  2. Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

    Abhijit Sarkar & Chandan Sengupta

  3. Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), 13265, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Abhijit Sarkar

  4. Division of Bio-Resource, Paper and Coatings Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Pooja Singh

  5. Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Mahamad Hakimi Ibrahim

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  1. Rajeev Pratap Singh
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    David M. Whitacre

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Singh, R.P., Sharma, B., Sarkar, A., Sengupta, C., Singh, P., Ibrahim, M.H. (2014). Biological Responses of Agricultural Soils to Fly-Ash Amendment. In: Whitacre, D. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 232. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 232. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_2

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