Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Acute Abdomen During Pregnancy pp 91–143Cite as

Acute Pancreatitis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2041 Accesses

Abstract

Acute pancreatitis (AP) during pregnancy is extremely rare. Schmitt in 1818 [1] reported the first case of pregnancy complicated by AP in a 30-year-old woman, who died in the 4th month of her eighth pregnancy, and Lawrence in 1838 [2] described the earliest series of 53 cases. Longmade and Edmondson [3] added nine cases of their own to an already existing 53 cases. In 1952 four additional cases were reported from France [4]. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and AP were first recognized as a specific clinical entity by Sheehan in 1940. AP caused by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in general population was first described by Cope et al. in 1957 [5]. The earliest report of AP occurring in the postpartum period seems to be that of Haidlen in 1884 [6]. Another early cases were reported by Watts [7] and Deaver [8]. Joske collected personal series of six postpartum AP patients [9]. Since then there have been numerous single case reports and case series of various causes of AP during pregnancy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Schmitt WJ. Sammlung zweifelhafter Schangerschaft faille nebst eines kritischen Einleitung über die Methode des Untersuchens, zum Gebrauche für angehende Geburtshelfer. Wien: Wimmer; 1818. p. 172–80.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lawrence W. History of a case in which on examination after death the pancreas was found in a state of active inflammation. Tr Med Chirurg Soc Lond. 1831;16:367–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Longmade CF, Edmondson HA. Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy and post-partum; a report of nine cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951;92:43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  4. France P. Sudden death during delivery caused by acute necrotic hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Rev Fr Gynec Obst. 1952;47:379.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cope O, Culver PJ, Mixter CG, Nardi GL. Pancreatitis, a diagnostic clue to hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg. 1957;145:857–63.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Haidlen R. Zbl Gynäk. 1884;8:609. Cited by: Roberts NJ, Baggenstoss AH, Comfort MW. Am J Clin Pathol. 1950;20:742.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Watts SH. Acute and subacute pancreatitis. Report of seven cases. Ann Surg. 1918;67:278–92.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Deaver JB. Acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 1918;68:281–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Joske RA. Pancreatitis following pregnancy. Br Med J. 1955;1:124–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chang MC, Su CH, Sun MS, et al. Etiology of acute pancreatitis – a multi-center study in Taiwan. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1655–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lindkvist B, Appelros S, Manjer J, Borgström A. Trends in incidence of acute pancreatitis in a Swedish population: is there really an increase? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:831–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Go VL, Everhart JE. Pancreatitis. In: Everhart JE, editor. Digestive diseases in the United States: epidemiology and impact. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. US Government Printing Office NIH Publication no. 94-1447; 1994. p. 693.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wang GJ, Gao CF, Wei D, et al. Acute pancreatitis: etiology and common pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:1427–30.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. Trends in the epidemiology of the first attack of acute pancreatitis: a systemic review. Pancreas. 2006;33:323–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ramin KD, Ramin SM, Richey SD, Cunningham FG. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:187–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wilkinson EJ. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a review of 98 cases and a report of 8 new cases. Obstet Gynecol Surg. 1973;28:281–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Walker BE, Diddle AW. Acute pancreatitis in gynaecologic and obstetric practice. Am J Obstet Gynaecol. 1969;105:206–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Glasgow RE, Visser BC, Harris HW, et al. Changing management of gall stone disease during pregnancy. Surg Endosc. 1998;12:241–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Robertson KW, Stewart IS, Imrie CW. Severe acute pancreatitis and pregnancy. Pancreatology. 2006;6:309–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Corlett Jr RC, Mishell Jr DR. Pancreatitis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;113:281–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jouppila P, Mokka R, Larmi TKI. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Surg Gynec Obstet. 1974;139:879–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Swisher SG, Schmit PJ, Hunt KK, et al. Biliary disease during pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1994;168:576–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tang SJ, Rodriguez-Frias E, Singh S, et al. Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:85–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Eddy JJ, Gideonsen MD, Song JY, et al. Pancreatitis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:1075–81.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hernandez A, Petrov MS, Brooks DC, et al. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a 10-year single center experience. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:1623–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ramin KD, Ramsey PS. Disease of the gallbladder and pancreas in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2001;28:571–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rakshit A, Dey R, De M, Biswas RR, Biswas SC. Pancreatitis in pregnancy – a scenario in a tertiary care centre. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2010;3:332–6.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Herfort K, Fialova V, Srp B. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Mater Med Pol. 1981;13:15–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ewald N, Hardt PD, Kloer HU. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis: presentation and management. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009;20:497–504.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fortson MR, Freedman SN, Webster 3rd PD. Clinical assessment of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:2134–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gan SI, Edwards AL, Symonds CJ, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis: a case-based review. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:7197–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Sekimoto M, Takada T, Kawarada Y, et al. JPN guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: epidemiology, etiology, natural history, and outcome predictors in acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006;13:10–24.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kayatao SE, Eser M, Cam C, et al. Acute pancreatitis associated with hypertriglyceridemia: a life-threatening complication. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;281:427–9.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kim EJ, Baik JC, Chung JY, et al. A case of acute pancreatitis of the pregnancy. Kor J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;48:1967–70.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Swisher SO, Hunt KK, Schmit PL, et al. Management of pancreatitis complicating pregnancy. Am Surg. 1994;60:759–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Block P, Kelly TR. Management of gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;168:426–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol consumption among women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant – United States, 2002. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:1178–81.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fraser WD. Hyperparathyroidism. Lancet. 2009;374:145–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kelly TR. Primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. Surgery. 1991;110:1028–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rodgers SE, Lew JI, Solórzano CC. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Curr Opin Oncol. 2008;20:52–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. The diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2:494–503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Schnatz PF, Curry SL. Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: evidence-based management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2002;57:365–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Inabnet WB, Baldwin D, Daniel RO, Staren ED. Hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis during pregnancy. Surgery. 1996;119:710–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Dahan M, Chang RJ. Pancreatitis secondary to hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(5 Pt 2):923–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bess MA, Edis AJ, van Heerden JA. Hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. Chance or a causal association? J Am Med Assoc. 1980;243:246–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Carnaille B, Oudar C, Pattou F, et al. Pancreatitis and primary hyperparathyroidism: forty cases. Aust N Z J Surg. 1998;68:117–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Shepherd JJ. Hyperparathyroidism presenting as pancreatitis or complicated by postoperative pancreatitis. Aust N Z J Surg. 1996;66:85–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Felderbauer P, Karakas E, Fendrich V, et al. Pancreatitis risk in primary hyperparathyroidism: relation to mutations in the SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor (N34S) and the cystic fibrosis gene. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:368–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Jacob JJ, John M, Thomas N, et al. Does hyperparathyroidism cause pancreatitis? A South Indian experience and a review of published work. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76:740–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kovacs CS, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Calcium and bone disorders during pregnancy and lactation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006;35:21–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mestman JH. Parathyroid disorders of pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 1998;6:485–96.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hunter D, Turnbull H. Hyperparathyroidism: generalized osteitis fibrosa with observations upon bones, parathyroid tumors, and the normal parathyroid glands. Br J Surg. 1931;19:203–6.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Heath H, Hodgson SF, Kennedy MA. Primary hyperparathyroidism: incidence, morbidity, and potential economic impact in a community. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:189–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Murray JA, Newman 3rd WA, Dacus JV. Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: diagnostic dilemma? Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1997;52:202–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Khoo TK, Vege SS, Abu-Lebdeh HS, et al. Acute pancreatitis in primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:2115–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Prinz RA, Aranha GV. The association of primary hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. Am Surg. 1985;51:325–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Carella M, Gossain V. Hyperparathyroidism and pregnancy: case report and review. J Gen Intern Med. 1992;7:448–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Fabrin B, Eldon K. Pregnancy complicated by concurrent hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986;65:651–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rajala B, Abbasi RA, Hutchinson HT, Taylor T. Acute pancreatitis and primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: treatment of hypercalcemia with magnesium sulfate. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:460–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Soyannwo SM, McGowan M. A case of acute hyperthyroidism, with thyrotoxicosis and pancreatitis, presenting as hyperemesis gravidarum. Postgrad Med. 1968;44:861–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bronsky D, Weisbeyl MG, Gross MC, Barton JJ. Hyperparathyroidism and acute postpartum pancreatitis with neonatal tetany in the child. Am J Med Sci. 1970;269:1604.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Levine G, Tsin D, Risk A. Acute pancreatitis and hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1979;54:246–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hess HM, Dickson J, Fox HE. Hyperfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma presenting as acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. J Reprod Med. 1980;25:83–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Thomason JL, Sampson MB, Farb HF, Spellacy WN. Pregnancy complicated by concurrent primary hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;57:34S–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Warneke G, Henning HV, Isemer FE, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism with acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1988;113:641–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kondo Y, Nagai H, Kasahara K, Kanazawa K. Primary hyperparathyroidism and acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. Report of a case and a review of the English and Japanese literature. Int J Pancreatol. 1998;24:43–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hojo S, Tsukimori K, Hanaoka M, et al. Acute pancreatitis and cholecystitis associated with postpartum HELLP syndrome: a case and review. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2007;26:23–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mondière JT. Recherches pour servir a I’histoire pathologique du pancreas. Memoires et observations. Arch Gen de Med. 1836;2:36–58, 2:265–94, 3:133–64.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ross G. Pancreatitis following pregnancy. Br Med J. 1955;1:349–50.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Berk JE, Smith BH, Akrawi MM. Pregnancy pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1971;56:216–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kehrer E. Anatomie and Physiologie der Schwangerschaft. In: Seitz-Amreich H, editor. Biologie and Patologie des Weibes, vol. 7. Munich: Urban Schwarzenberg; 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Gabryelewicz A. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis: current view. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995;40:218–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chang CC, Hsieh YY, Tsai HD, et al. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1998;61:85–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Nies BM, Dreiss RJ. Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Perinatol. 1990;7:166–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Parmar MS. Pancreatic necrosis associated with pre-eclampsia – eclampsia. JOP – J Pancreas (Online). 2004;5:101–4.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Stimac D, Stimac T. Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23:839–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Asciutti S, Kanninen TT, Clerici G, et al. Acute pancreatitis with a mucinous cystoadenoma of the pancreas in pregnancy. Anticancer Res. 2010;30:1025–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Li HP, Huang YJ, Chen X. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a 6-year single center clinical experience. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011;124:2771–5.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Shigetazu N, Masutoshi M. Acute pancreatitis with diabetic ketoacidosis associated with hypermyoglobinaemia. J Gastroenterol. 1996;31:623–6

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kohlmeier L, Marcus R. Calcium disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995;24:15–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Drake TS, Kaplan RA, Lewis TA. The physiologic hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy. Is it primary or secondary? Obstet Gynecol. 1979;53:746–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Seely EW, Brown EM, DeMaggio DM, et al. A prospective study of calciotropic hormones in pregnancy and post partum: reciprocal changes in serum intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:214–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Davis OK, Hawkins DS, Rubin LP, et al. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in pregnant women determined by an immunoradiometric assay for intact PTH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67:850–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mimouni F, Tsang RC, Hertzberg V, et al. Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol changes in normal and insulin dependent diabetic pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74:49–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ammann P, Irion O, Gast J, et al. Alterations of calcium and phosphate metabolism in primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993;72:488–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Hosking DJ. Calcium homeostasis in pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol. 1996;45:1–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Pitkin RM, Reynolds WA, Williams GA, Hargis GK. Calcium metabolism in normal pregnancy: longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;133:781–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ludwig GD. Hyperparathyroidism in relation to pregnancy. New Engl J Med. 1962;267:637–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kent GN, Price RI, Gutteridge DH, et al. The efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is increased in late pregnancy but not in established lactation. Calcif Tissue Int. 1991;48:293–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gertner JM, Coustan DR, Kliger AS, et al. Pregnancy as a state of physiologic absorptive hypercalciuria. Am J Med. 1986;81:451–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Zerwekh J, Breslau N. Human placental production of 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: biochemical characterization and production in normal subjects and patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:192–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Payne RB, Little AJ, Evans RT. Albumin-adjusted calcium concentrations in serum increases during normal pregnancy. Clin Chem. 1990;36:142–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Curto C, Caillard C, Desurmont T, et al. Acute pancreatitis and primary hyperparathyroidism: a multicentric study by the Francophone Association of Endocrine Surgeons. J Chir (Paris). 2009;146:270–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Brandwein SL, Sigman KM. Case report: milk-alkali syndrome and pancreatitis. Am J Med Sci. 1994;308:173–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Gafter U, Mandel EM, Har-Zahav L, Weiss S. Acute pancreatitis secondary to hypercalcemia. Occurrence in a patient with breast carcinoma. J Am Med Assoc. 1976;235:2004–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hochgelerent EL, David DS. Acute pancreatitis secondary to calcium infusion in a dialysis patient. Arch Surg. 1974;108:218–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ward JB, Petersen OH, Jenkins SA, Sutton R. Is an elevated concentration of acinar cytosolic free ionised calcium the trigger for acute pancreatitis? Lancet. 1995;346:1016–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Mithöfer K, Fernández-del Castillo C, Frick TW, et al. Acute hypercalcemia causes acute pancreatitis and ectopic trypsinogen activation in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:239–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Frick TW, Fernández-del Castillo C, Bimmler D, Warshaw AL. Elevated calcium and activation of trypsinogen in rat pancreatic acini. Gut. 1997;41:339–43.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Hauser CJ, Kamrath RO, Sparks J, Shoemaker WC. Calcium homeostasis in patients with acute pancreatitis. Surgery. 1983;94:830–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Condon JR, Ives D, Knight MJ, Day J. The aetiology of hypocalcaemia in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1975;62:115–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. McKay C, Beastall GH, Imrie CW, Baxter JN. Circulating intact parathyroid hormone levels in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1994;81:357–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Robertson GM, Moore EW, Switz DM, et al. Inadequate parathyroid response in acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 1976;294:512–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Krysiak R, Wilk M, Okopien B. Recurrent pancreatitis induced by hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284:531–4.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Schnatz PF, Thaxton S. Parathyroidectomy in the third trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60:672–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Ch’ng CL, Morgan M, Hainsworth I, Kingham JG. Prospective study of liver dysfunction in pregnancy in Southwest Wales. Gut. 2002;51:876–80.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Varner M, Rinderknecht NK. Acute fatty metamorphosis of pregnancy. A maternal mortality and literature review. J Reprod Med. 1980;24:177–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Castro MA, Fassett MJ, Reynolds TB, et al. Reversible peripartum liver failure: a new perspective on the diagnosis, treatment, and cause of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, based on 28 consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:389–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Pockros PJ, Peters RL, Reynolds TB. Idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy: findings in ten cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1984;63:1–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Moldenhauer JS, O’Brien JM, Barton JR, Sibai B. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy associated with pancreatitis: a life threatening complication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:502–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Cruciat G, Stamatian F, Puscas M, et al. Acute pancreatitis in a pregnant woman with acute fatty liver dystrophy. A case report. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:193–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Treem WR, Shoup ME, Hale DE, et al. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome, and long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:2293–300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Treem WR, Rinaldo P, Hale DE, et al. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Hepatology. 1994;19:339–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Ijlst L, Oostheim W, Ruiter JP, Wanders RJ. Molecular basis of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: identification of two new mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1997;20:420–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Pereira SP, O’Donohue J, Wendon J, Williams R. Maternal and perinatal outcome in severe pregnancy-related liver disease. Hepatology. 1997;26:1258–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Minakami H, Kimura K, Tamada T, et al. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: report of a case complicating DIC and acute pancreatitis (author’s transl). Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1982;34:637–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Minakami H, Kimura K, Kanazawa T, et al. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy with hyperlipidemia, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;11:371–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Apiratpracha W, Yoshida EM, Charles SH, et al. Chronic pancreatitis: a sequela of acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008;7:101–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Gillett MP, Silva TB, Begerman EM. Plasma lipids and HDL cholesterol during pregnancy. Atherosclerosis. 1979;33:495–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ma Y, Liu MS, Ginzinger D, et al. Gene-environment interaction in the conversion of a mild to severe phenotype in a patient homozygous for a ser172 → cys mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:1953–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Potter JM, Nestel PJ. The hyperlipidemia of pregnancy in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;133:165–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Hsia SH, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Successful outcome in severe pregnancy-associated hyperlipemia: a case report and literature review. Am J Med Sci. 1995;309:213–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Gagne C, Brun LD, Julien P, et al. Primary lipoprotein-lipase-activity deficiency: clinical investigation of a French Canadian population. CMAJ. 1989;140:405–11.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Herrera E. Lipid metabolism in pregnancy and its consequences in the fetus and newborn. Endocrine. 2002;19:43–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Salameh WA, Mastrogiannis DS. Maternal hyperlipidemia in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1994;37:66–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Perrone G, Critelli C. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. A clinical case report. Minerva Ginecol. 1996;48:573–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Knopp R, Bergelin R, Wahl P, et al. Population-based lipoprotein lipid reference values for pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women classified by sex hormone usage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;143:626–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Iverius P-H, Brunzell JD. Relationship between lipoprotein lipase activity and plasma sex steroid levels in obese women. J Clin Invest. 1988;82:1106–12.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Knopp RH, Warth MR, Charles D, et al. Lipid metabolism in pregnancy, fat transport to the foetus, and the effects of diabetes. Biol Neonate. 1986;50:297–317.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Sorva R, Kuusi T, Dunkel L, Taskinen MR. Effects of endogenous sex steroids on serum lipoproteins and post-heparin plasma lipolytic enzymes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66:408–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kekki M, Nikkila EA. Plasma triglyceride turnover during use of oral contraceptives. Metab Clin Exp. 1971;20:878–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. The lipid research clinics population studies data book, vol 1. The prevalence study. US Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 80-1527, Bethesda, Maryland; 1980. p. 4246.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Kim HJ, Kalkhoff RK. Sex steroid influence on triglyceride metabolism. J Clin Invest. 1975;56:888–96.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Park JR, Cho BHS. Effects of estrogen on very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerol metabolism in chicks. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990;1045:180–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Cameron JL, Capuzzi DM, Zuidema GD. Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipidaemia: incidence of lipid abnormalities in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 1973;177:479–83.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Havel RJ. Pathogenesis, differentiation and management of hypertriglyceridemia. Adv Intern Med. 1969;15:117–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Saharia P, Margolis S, Zuidema MD, Cameron JL. Acute pancreatitis with hyperlipidemia: studies with an isolated perfused canine pancreas. Surgery. 1977;82:60–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Kimura W, Mössner J. Role of hypertriglyceridemia in the pathogenesis of experimental acute pancreatitis in rats. Int J Pancreatol. 1996;20:177–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Ma Y, Ooi TC, Liu MS, et al. High frequency of mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene in pregnancy-induced chylomicronemia: possible association with the apolipoprotein E2 isoform. J Lipid Res. 1994;35:1066–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Keilson LM, Calvin PH, Sprecher DL, Renfrew R. Hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis during pregnancy in two sisters with a mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:425–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Bergeron J, Normand T, Barucha A, et al. Prevalence, geographical distribution and genealogical investigations of mutation 188 of lipoprotein lipase gene in the French Canadian population. Clin Genet. 1992;41:206–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Syed H, Bilusic M, Rhondla C, Tavaria A. Plasmapheresis in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis: a community hospital’s experience. J Clin Apher. 2010;25:229–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Castro MR, Nguyen TT, O’Brien T. Clomiphene-induced severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:1125–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Ting HJ, Stice JP, Schaff UY, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins prime aortic endothelium for an enhanced inflammatory response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Circ Res. 2007;100:381–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Libby P. Fat fuels the flame: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and arterial inflammation. Circ Res. 2007;100:299–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Tripathy D, Mohanty P, Dhindsa S, et al. Elevation of free fatty acids induces inflammation and impairs vascular reactivity in healthy subjects. Diabetes. 2003;52:2882–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Du X, Edelstein D, Obici S, et al. Insulin resistance reduces arterial prostacyclin synthase and eNOS activities by increasing endothelial fatty acid oxidation. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:1071–80.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Grossman A, Oppenheim J, Grondin G, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of the estradiol-binding protein in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Endocrinology. 1989;124:2857–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Heiss G, Tamir I, Davis CE, et al. Lipoprotein-cholesterol distributions in selected North American populations: the lipid research clinics program prevalence study. Circulation. 1980;61:302–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Staels B, Jansen H, van Tol A, et al. Development, food intake, and ethinylestradiol influence hepatic triglyceride lipase and LDL-receptor mRNA levels in rats. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:1211–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Hoefler G, Noehammer C, Levak-Frank S, et al. Muscle-specific overexpression of human lipoprotein lipase in mice causes increased intracellular free fatty acids and induction of peroxisomal enzymes. Biochimie. 1997;79:163–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Blevins Jr GT, Huang HS, Tangoku A, et al. Estrogens influence cholecystokinin stimulated pancreatic amylase release and acinar cell membrane cholecystokinin receptors in rat. Life Sci. 1991;48:1565–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Glueck CJ, Fallat RW, Scheel D. Effects of estrogenic compounds on triglyceride kinetics. Metabolism. 1975;24:537–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Yoshioka T, Koike S, Sugiue A, Eguchi K. Hyperlipidemia in pregnancy, clinical observation of the newborn and mother. Nippon Sanfujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1976;28:369–77.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Dominguez-Munoz JE, Malfertheiner P, Dischuneit HH, et al. Hyperlipidemia in acute pancreatitis. Relationship with etiology, onset, and severity of disease. Int J Pancreatol. 1991;10:261–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Lloret Linares C, Pelletier AL, Czernichow S, et al. Acute pancreatitis in a cohort of 129 patients referred for severe hypertriglyceridemia. Pancreas. 2008;37:13–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Fredrickson DS. An international classification of hyperlipidemias and hyperlipoproteinemias. Ann Intern Med. 1971;75:471–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS. Issues in hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36:54–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Henderson H, Leisegang F, Hassan F, et al. A novel Glu42 1Lys substitution in the lipoprotein lipase gene in pregnancy-induced hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis. Clin Chim Acta. 1998;269:1–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Wion KL, Kirchessner TG, Lusis AJ, et al. Human lipoprotein lipase complementary DNA sequence. Science. 1987;235:1638–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Nikkila EA. Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and related disorders of chylomicron metabolism. In: Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Frederickson DS, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, editors. The metabolic basis of inherited disease. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1983. p. 622–42.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Eckel RH. Lipoprotein lipase. A multifunctional enzyme relevant to common metabolic diseases. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1060–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Hunninghake DB. Bile acid sequestrants. In: Rifkind BM, editor. Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1991. p. 92.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Spence JD, Huff MW, Heidenheim P, et al. Combination therapy with colestipol and psyllium mucilloid in patients with hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:493–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Monsalve MV, Henderson H, Roederer G, et al. A missense mutation at codon 188 of the human lipoprotein lipase gene is a frequent cause of lipoprotein lipase deficiency in persons of different ancestries. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:728–34.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Bartha I, Dinya T, Seres I, et al. Acute hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis during pregnancy due to homozygous lipoprotein lipase gene mutation. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;400:137–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Crisan LS, Steidl ET, Rivera-Alsina ME. Acute hyperlipidemic pancreatitis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:e57–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Toskes PP. Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1990;19:783–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Havel RJ. Approach to the patient with hyperlipidemia. Med Clin North Am. 1982;66:319–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Rivellese AA, De Natale C, Di Marino L, et al. Exogenous and endogenous postprandial lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetic patients with optimal blood glucose control and optimal fasting triglyceride levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2153–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Nair S, Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS. Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis: observations in 100 consecutive episodes of DKA. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:2795–800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. O’Brien T, Dinneen SF, O’ Brien PC, et al. Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68:860–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Goldenberg NM, Wang P, Glueck CJ. An observational study of severe hypertriglyceridemia, hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis, and failure of triglyceride-lowering therapy when estrogens are given to women with and without familial hypertriglyceridemia. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;332:11–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Glueck CJ, Lang J, Hamer T, Tracy T. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis, when estrogen replacement therapy is given to hypertriglyceridemic women. J Lab Clin Med. 1994;123:59–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Morr MM, Norman J. Acute pancreatitis. In: Greenfield LJ, editor. Surgery, scientific principles and practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 867.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Davidoff F, Tishler S, Rosoff C. Marked hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis associated with oral contraceptive therapy. N Engl J Med. 1973;289:552–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Hozumi Y, Kawano M, Saito T, Miyata M. Effect of tamoxifen on serum lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;8:1633–5.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Alagozlu H, Cindoruk M, Unal S. Tamoxifen-induced severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis. Clin Drug Investig. 2006;26:297–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Brunzell JD, Schrott HG. The interaction of familial and secondary causes of hypertriglyceridemia: role in pancreatitis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1973;86:245–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Arbel Y, Weinstein D, Yogev R, Halevy A. Acute pancreatitis following clomiphene citrate treatment: case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg. 2008;6:483–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Watts GF, Morton K, Jackson P, Lewis B. Management of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy: report of two cases with familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:163–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Parulekar PS, Gidden F, Yavari A. A sticky situation. Q J Med. 2012;105:887–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Palmieri VO, Grattagliano I, Palasciano G. Ethanol induces secretion of oxidized proteins by pancreatic acinar cells. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2007;23:459–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Siech M, Zhou Z, Zhou S, et al. Stimulation of stellate cells by injured acinar cells: a model of acute pancreatitis induced by alcohol and fat (VLDL). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297:G1163–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Sutton R, Criddle D, Raraty MG, et al. Signal transduction, calcium and acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2003;3:497–505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Kubisch CH, Gukovsky I, Lugea A, et al. Long-term ethanol consumption alters pancreatic gene expression in rats: a possible connection to pancreatic injury. Pancreas. 2006;33:68–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Kristiansen L, Gronbaek M, Becker U, Tolstrup JS. Risk of pancreatitis according to alcohol drinking habits: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:932–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Lankisch PG, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P. What is the risk of alcoholic pancreatitis in heavy drinkers? Pancreas. 2002;25:411–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Barreto SG, Saccone GT. Alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis: the ‘critical mass’ concept. Med Hypotheses. 2010;75:73–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Schmidt DN. Apparent risk factors for chronic and acute pancreatitis in Stockholm County. Spirits but not wine and beer. Int J Pancreatol. 1991;8:45–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Sand J, Välikoski A, Nordback I. Alcohol consumption in the country and hospitalizations for acute alcohol pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis during a 20-year period. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44:321–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Wilson JS, Bernstein L, McDonald C, et al. Diet and drinking habits in relation to the development of alcoholic pancreatitis. Gut. 1985;26:882–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Whitcomb DC, Yadav D, Adam S, et al. North American Pancreatic Study Group. Multicenter approach to recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis in the United States: the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 (NAPS2). Pancreatology. 2008;8:520–31.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Jaakkola M, Sillanaukee P, Löf K, et al. Amount of alcohol is an important determinant of the severity of acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Surgery. 1994;115:31–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Altomare E, Grattagliano I, Vendemiale G, et al. Acute ethanol administration induces oxidative changes in rat pancreatic tissue. Gut. 1996;38:742–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Siech M, Weber H, Letko G, et al. Similar morphological and intracellular biochemical changes in alcoholic acute pancreatitis and ischemic acute pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas. 1997;14:32–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Wittel UA, Bachem M, Siech M. Oxygen radical production precedes alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas. 2003;26:e74–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Rivero D, Pérez-Magarinõ S, González-Sanjosé ML, et al. Inhibition of induced DNA oxidative damage by beers: correlation with the content of polyphenols and melanoidins. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:3637–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Howard A, Chopra M, Thurnham D, et al. Red wine consumption and inhibition of LDL oxidation: what are the important components? Med Hypotheses. 2002;59:101–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Gorelick FS. Alcohol and zymogen activation in the pancreatic acinar cell. Pancreas. 2003;27:305–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ojetti V, et al. Effects of short-term moderate alcohol administration on oxidative stress and nutritional status in healthy males. Appetite. 2008;50:50–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Lieber CS. Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27:220–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Vonlaufen A, Wilson JS, Apte MV. Molecular mechanisms of pancreatitis: current opinion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1339–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Barreto SG, Rodrigues J. Acute pancreatitis in Goa – a hospital-based study. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008;106:575–6, 578.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Lachenmeier DW, Taylor B, Rehm J. Lack of evidence for a causal association between the type of alcoholic beverage and the incidence of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2011;40:1143–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Irving HM, Samokhvalov AV, Rehm J. Alcohol as a risk factor for pancreatitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOP. 2009;10:387–92.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Lankisch PG, Droege M, Gottesleben F. Drug-induced acute pancreatitis: incidence and severity. Gut. 1995;37:565.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Werth B, Kuhn MK, Reinhart WH. Medikamentoes induzierte Pankreatiden: Erfahrungen der Scweizerischen Arzneimittel-Nebenswirkungenszentrale (SANZ) 1981–1993. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1995;125:731.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Mallory A, Kern Jr F. Drug-induced pancreatitis: a critical review. Gastroenterology. 1980;78:813.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Hallberg P, Hallberg E, Amini H. Acute pancreatitis following medical abortion: case report. BMC Womens Health. 2004;4:1–4.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Andersen V, Sonne J, Andersen M. Spontaneous reports on drug-induced pancreatitis in Denmark from 1968 to 1999. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;57:517–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Hastier P, Buckley MJ, Peten EP, et al. A new source of drug-induced acute pancreatitis: codeine. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:3295–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Hastier P, Longo F, Buckley M, et al. Pancreatitis induced by codeine: a case report with positive rechallenge. Gut. 1997;41:705–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. SWEDIS: http://sweweb.mpa.se.

  215. Rosenfeld MG, Abrass I, Chang B. Hormonal stimulation of alpha-amylase synthesis in porcine pancreatic minces. Endocrinology. 1976;99:611–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Rudick J, Gonda M, Dreiling DA, Janowitz HD. Effects of prostaglandin E1 on pancreatic exocrine function. Gastroenterology. 1971;60:272–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Nieuwenhuizen AG, Schuiling GA, Liem SM, et al. Progesterone stimulates pancreatic cell proliferation in vivo. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;140:256–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Singh S, Baker PR, Poulsom R, et al. Expression of oestrogen receptor and oestrogen-inducible genes in pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1085–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Wilmink T, Frick TW. Drug-induced pancreatitis. Drug Saf. 1996;14:406–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Greenberg A. Diuretic complications. Am J Med Sci. 2000;319:10–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Badja N, Troche G, Zazzo JF, Benhamou D. Acute pancreatitis and preeclampsia-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:707–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Marcovici I, Marzano D. Pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by postpartum renal failure and pancreatitis: a case report. Am J Perinatol. 2002;19:177–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Chapman SJ, Woolley IJ, Visvanathan K, et al. Acute pancreatitis caused by tipranavir/ritonavir-induced hypertriglyceridemia. AIDS. 2007;21:532–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Devlin JW, Lau AK, Tanios MA. Propofol-associated hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis in the intensive care unit: an analysis of frequency and risk factors. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:1348–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Waage C, Carlsson H, Nielsen EW. Olanzapine-induced pancreatitis: a case report. JOP. 2004;5:388–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Chen JL, Spinowitz N, Karwa M. Hypertriglyceridemia, acute pancreatitis, and diabetic ketoacidosis possibly associated with mirtazapine therapy: a case report. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:940–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Flynn WJ, Freeman PG, Wickboldt LG. Pancreatitis associated with isotretinoin-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Bondugulapati LR, Munigoti SP, Rees A. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis in the third trimester of pregnancy. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2011;11:155–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Steinmetz OK, Hashim E, Falcone T, et al. Recurrent pancreatitis associated with in vitro fertilization. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:890–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Lee J, Goldberg IJ. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis created by oral estrogen and in vitro fertilization ovulation induction. J Clin Lipidol. 2008;2:63–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Maringhini A, Lankisch MR, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Acute pancreatitis in the postpartum period: a population-based case-control study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:361–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, et al. A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione study. Hepatology. 1987;7:913–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO). Prevalence of gallstone disease in an Italian adult female population. Am J Epidemiol. 1984;119:796–805.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Scragg RK, McMichael AJ, Seamark RF. Oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and endogenous oestrogen in gall stone disease – a case-control study. Br Med J. 1984;288:1795–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Thistle JL, Eckhart KL, Nensel RE, et al. Prevalence of gallbladder disease among Chippewa Indians. Mayo Clin Proc. 1971;46:603–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Bernstein RA, Werner LH, Rimm AA. Relationship of gallbladder disease to parity, obesity, and age. Health Serv Rep. 1973;88:925–36.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P, et al. Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:116–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Swank M, Nageotte M, Hatfield T. Necrotizing pancreatitis associated with severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(2 Pt 2):453–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Opatrny L, Michon N, Ray E. Preeclampsia as a cause of pancreatitis: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2004;26:594–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Yamada K, Hamatani K, Nishimoto H. HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets) syndrome and acute pancreatitis complicated with severe preeclampsia. Masui. 1997;46:373–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Bahloul M, Ayedi M, Dammak H, et al. Pregnancy-induced hypertension complicated by acute pancreatitis. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2004;23:157–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Sipahi HM, Gullo L, Scolari MP, et al. Acute pancreatitis associated with eclampsia: a case report. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1994;26:148–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Haukland HH, Florholmen J, Oian P, et al. The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on the pancreas: changes in the serum cationic trypsinogen and pancreatic amylase. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;94:765–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Pritchard JA, Cunningham FG, Pritchard SA, Mason RA. On reducing the frequency of severe abruptio placentae. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:1345–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Pagliari M. On an unusual case of uterine apoplexy preceded by an acute necrosis of the pancreas. Quad Clin Ostet Ginecol. 1962;17:589–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Cheang CU, Ho SW, Tee YT, et al. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis complicating uteroplacental apoplexy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;46:64–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Burns E, Gray R, Smith LA. Brief screening questionnaires to identify problem drinking during pregnancy: a systematic review. Addiction. 2010;105:601–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Angelini DJ. Gallbladder and pancreatic disease during pregnancy. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2002;15:1–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Kennedy A. Assessment of acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2000;21:64–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Kayatas SE, Eser M, Cam C, et al. Acute pancreatitis associated with hypertriglyceridemia: a life-threatening complication. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;281:427–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Marcus M. Akute Pankreaserkrankungen und Gestationvorgaenge. Beit Klin Chir. 1930;149:129–41.

    Google Scholar 

  252. http://www.odermatol.com/issue-in-html/2011-2-11-eponyms-c/.

  253. Chan AK, Duh QY, Katz MH, et al. Clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. A case-control study. Ann Surg. 1995;222:402–14.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Date RS, Kaushal M, Ramesh A. A review of the management of gallstone disease and its complications in pregnancy. Am J Surg. 2008;196:599–608.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Durrington P. Dyslipidaemia. Lancet. 2003;362:717–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Nayak KR, Daly RG. Eruptive xanthomas associated with hypertriglyceridemia and new-onset diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Glueck CJ, Christopher C, Mishkel MA, et al. Pancreatitis, familial hypertriglyceridemia, and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;136:755–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. De Chalain TM, Michell WL, Berger GM. Hyperlipidemia, pregnancy and pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1988;167:469–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Fred HL, Accad M. Lipemia retinalis. Images in clinical medicine. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Kumar J, Wierzbicki AS. Lipemia retinalis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:823.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Chamarthi B, Greene MF, Dluhy RG. A problem in gestation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:843–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Matull W, Pereira S, O’Donohue J. Biochemical markers of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59:340–4.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Vissers R, Abu-Laban R, McHugh D. Amylase and lipase in the emergency department evaluation of acute pancreatitis. J Emerg Med. 1999;17:1027–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Pacheco R, Nishioka Sde A, de Oliveira L. Validity of serum amylase and lipase in the differential diagnosis between acute/acutized chronic pancreatitis and other causes of acute abdominal pain. Arq Gastroenterol. 2003;40:233–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Serrano N. Increased lipase plasma levels in ICU patients: when are they critical? Chest. 2005;127:7–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Yadav D, Agarwal N, Pitchumoni CS. A critical evaluation of laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1309–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Sreelatha S, Nataraj VN. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Indian J Clin Pract. 2012;23:231–2.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Karsenti D, Bacq Y, Bréchot JF, et al. Serum amylase and lipase activities in normal pregnancy: a prospective case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:697–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Wickus GG, Dukerschein RO, Pierce JR, Davis KD. Interference in a chromogenic alpha-amylase assay caused by dyelabeled oligosaccharide-induced precipitation of lipoprotein. Clin Chem. 1982;28:2131–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Warshaw AL, Bellini CA, Lesser PB. Inhibition of serum and urine amylase activity in pancreatitis with hyperlipemia. Ann Surg. 1975;182:72–5.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Wang SS, Lin XZ, Tsai YT, et al. Clinical significance of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and biochemical tests in the rapid diagnosis of gallstone-related pancreatitis: a prospective study. Pancreas. 1988;3:153–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Neoptolemos JP, Hall AW, Finlay DF, et al. The urgent diagnosis of gallstones in acute pancreatitis: a prospective study of three methods. Br J Surg. 1984;71:230–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Devore GR, Braken M, Berkowitz RL. The amylase/creatinine clearance ratio in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by pancreatitis, hyperemesis, and toxemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;136:747–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Boakye MK, Macfoy D, Rice C. Alcoholic pancreatitis in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;26:814.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Hofbauer B, Friess H, Weber A, et al. Hyperlipaemia intensifies the course of acute oedematous and acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the rat. Gut. 1996;38:753–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Harris WS, Rothrock DW, Fanning A, et al. Fish oils in hypertriglyceridemia: a dose – response study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:399–406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Abu Musa AA, Usta IM, Rechdan JB, Nassar AH. Recurrent hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis in pregnancy: a management dilemma. Pancreas. 2006;32:227–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Abboud B, Daher R, Boujaoude J. Digestive manifestations of parathyroid disorders. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:4063–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Kort KC, Schiller HJ, Numann PJ. Hyperparathyroidism and pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1999;177:66–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Castro MA, Goodwin TM, Shaw KJ, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and antithrombin III depression in acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:211–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Howard JM, Reed J. Pseudohyponatremia in acute hyperlipemic pancreatitis. A potential pitfall in therapy. Arch Surg. 1985;120:1053–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Fallat RW, Vester JW, Glueck CJ. Suppression of amylase activity by hypertriglyceridemia. J Am Med Assoc. 1973;225:1331–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Tsuang W, Navaneethan U, Ruiz L, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis: presentation and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:984–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Treacy J, Williams A, Bais R, et al. Evaluation of amylase and lipase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. ANZ J Surg. 2001;71:577–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Sniderman AD, Blank D, Zakarian R, et al. Triglycerides and small dense LDL: the twin Achilles heels of the Friedewald formula. Clin Biochem. 2003;36:499–504.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Warnick GR, Knopp RH, Fitzpatrick V, et al. Estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is adequate for classifying patients on the basis of nationally recommended cutpoints. Clin Chem. 1990;36:15–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Chuang SC, Lee KT, Wang SN, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis with chylous ascites in pregnancy. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006;105:583–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Sahu SK, Raghuvanshi S, Bahl DV, Sachan P. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Internet J Surg. 2007;11(2).

    Google Scholar 

  289. Takaishi K, Miyoshi J, Matsumura T, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis during pregnancy: prevention with diet therapy and omega-3 fatty acids in the following pregnancy. Nutrition. 2009;25:1094–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Pezzilli R, Zerbi A, Di Carlo V, et al. Practical guidelines for acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2010;10:523–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Pitchumoni CS, Yegneswaran B. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;45:5641–6.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Lee YT, Chan FK, Leung WK, et al. Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction in patients with choledocholithiasis: a randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67:660–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Leyendecker JR, Gorengaut V, Brown JJ. MR imaging of maternal diseases of the abdomen and pelvis during pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period. Radiographics. 2004;24:1301–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Chaundhry S, Hussain R. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a rare presentation. Prof Med J. 2012;19:747–50.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Shellock FG, Kana LE. Policies, guidelines, and recommendations for MR imaging safety and patient management. SMRI Safety Committee. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1991;1:97–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Banks PA, Freeman ML. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2379–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Chong VH, Jalihal A. Endoscopic management of biliary disorders during pregnancy. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2010;9:180–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. O’Mahony S. Endoscopy in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21:893–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Mitura K, Romanczuk M. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy mimicking acute pancreatitis. Ginekol Pol. 2009;80:383–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Pieper-Bigelow C, Strocchi A, Levitt M. Where does serum amylase come from and where does it go? Gastroenerol Clin North Am. 1990;19:793–810.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Christensen H, Larsen M, Schebye O. Serum amylase levels in gynecologic patients with acute abdominal pain. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;175:355–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Um J, Kim K, Kang M, et al. Macroamylasemia in a patient with acute appendicitis: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 1999;14:679–81.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Shapiro R, Dropkin R, Finkelstein J, et al. Ovarian carcinomatosis presenting with hyperamylasemia and plural effusion. Am J Gastroenterol. 1981;76:365–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Green CL. Identification of alpha-amylase as a secretion of the human fallopian tube and “tubelike” epithelium of mullerian and mesonephric duct origin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;73:402–8.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Clavien PA, Moossa AR. Serum enzymes and other laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1989;76:1234–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Chow AW, Soll BA, Targan SR, Guze LB. Hyperamylasemia associated with gonococcal salpingitis and perihepatitis. Obstet Gynecol. 1976;48 Suppl 1:29s–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Norwood SH, Torma MJ, Fontenelle LJ. Hyperamylasemia due to poorly differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma of the ovary. Arch Surg. 1981;116:225–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Srivastava R, Fraser C, Gentleman D, et al. Hyperamylasaemia: not the usual suspects. Br Med J. 2005;331:890–1.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Jacobs E, Jennette JC, Reavis RA. Chronic hyperamylasemia and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Chem. 1983;29:887–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Berk JE, Fridhandler L. Hyperamylasemia: interpretation and newer approaches to evaluation. Adv Intern Med. 1980;26:235–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Van Kley H, Cramer S, Bruns DE. Serous ovarian neoplastic amylase (SONA): a potentially useful marker for serous ovarian tumors. Cancer. 1981;48:1444–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Zakowski JJ, Gregory MR, Bruns DE. Amylase from human serous ovarian tumors: purification and characterization. Clin Chem. 1984;30:62–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Brophy CM, Morris J, Sussman J, Modlin IM. “Pseudoascites” secondary to an amylase-producing serous ovarian cystadenoma: a case study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1989;11:703–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Saruc M, Yuceyar H, Turkel N, et al. The role of heme in hemolysis-induced acute pancreatitis. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13:67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Cosenza CA, Saffari B, Jabbour N, et al. Surgical management of biliary gallstone disease during pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1999;178:545–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Sinha S, Khan H, Timms PM, Olagbaiye OA. Pancreatic-type hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia secondary to ruptured ovarian cyst: a case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2010;38:463–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Wada K, Takada T, Hirata K, et al. Treatment strategy for acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:79–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Hasibeder WR, Torgersen C, Rieger M. Critical care of the patient with acute pancreatitis. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009;37:190–206.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Gardner TB, Vege SS, Pearson RK, Chari ST. Fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroel Hepatol. 2008;6:1070–6.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Forsmark CE, Baillie J. AGA Institute technical review on acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2022–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Russo-Stieglitz KE, Levine AB, Wagner BA, Armenti VT. Pregnancy outcoming patient requiring parenteral nutrition. J Matern Fetal Med. 1999;8:164–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Meier R, Ockenga J, Pertkiewicz M, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: pancreas. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:275–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Bai Y, Gao J, Zou DW, Li ZS. Antibiotics prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: an update. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;103:705–7.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Jafri NS, Mahid SS, Idstein SR, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not protective in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 2009;197:806–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Villatoro E, Mulla M, Larvin M. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD002941.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Jain P. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: an unresolved issue. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:2065–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Dinsmoor MJ. Imipenem-cilastatin. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1992;19:475–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Heikkilä A, Renkonen OV, Erkkola R. Pharmacokinetics and transplacental passage of imipenem during pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992;36:2652–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Burtin P, Taddio A, Ariburnu O, et al. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:525–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Caro-Patón T, Carvajal A, Martin de Diego I, et al. Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44:179–82.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Dunham MC. Clinical impact of continuous renal replacement therapy on multiple organ failure. World J Surg. 2001;25:669–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Yekebas EF, Strate T, Zolmajd S, et al. Impact of different modalities of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on sepsis-induced alterations in experimental pancreatitis. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1806–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Wang H, Li WQ, Zhou W, et al. Clinical effects of continuous high volume hemofiltration on severe acute pancreatitis complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:2096–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Ronco C, Tetta C, Mariano F, et al. Interpreting the mechanisms of continuous renal replacement therapy in sepsis: the peak concentration hypothesis. Artif Organs. 2003;27:792–801.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Jung J, Eo E. A case of hemoperfusion and L-carnitine management in valproic acid overdose. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26:388.e3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  336. Saotome T, Endo Y, Sasaki T, et al. A case of severe acute pancreatitis treated with CTR-001 direct hemoperfusion for cytokine apheresis. Ther Apher Dial. 2005;9:367–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Kobe Y, Oda S, Matsuda K, et al. Direct hemoperfusion with a cytokine-adsorbing device for the treatment of persistent or severe hypercytokinemia: a pilot study. Blood Purif. 2007;25:446–53.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  338. Mao HJ, Yu S, Yu XB, et al. Effects of coupled plasma filtration adsorption on immune function of patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Int J Artif Organs. 2009;32:31–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Tang Y, Zhang L, Fu P, et al. Hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in a pregnant woman with severe acute pancreatitis: a case report. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012;44:987–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Nathens AB, Curtis JR, Beale RJ, et al. Management of the critically ill patient with severe acute pancreatitis. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:2524–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Demirkiran O, Dikmen Y, Utku T, Urkmez S. Critically ill obstetric patients in the intensive care unit. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2003;4:266–70.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Swoboda K, Derfler K, Koppensteiner R, et al. Extracorporeal lipid elimination for treatment of gestational hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:1527–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Saadi HF, Kurlander DJ, Erkins JM, Hoogwerf BJ. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis during pregnancy: treatment with gemfibrozil. Endocr Pract. 1999;5:33–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Sanderson SL, Iverius PH, Wilson DE. Successful hyperlipemic pregnancy. J Am Med Assoc. 1991;265:1858–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Weinberg RB, Sitrin MD, Adkins GM, Lin CC. Treatment of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis in pregnancy with total parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:1300–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Ihimoyan A, Chelimilla H, Kalakada N, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia induced pancreatitis in a non-diabetic pregnant patient requiring the use of total parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterol Res. 2011;4:88–91.

    Google Scholar 

  347. Smith JR, Friedell ML, Cheatham ML, et al. Peripherally inserted central catheters revisited. Am J Surg. 1998;176:208–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Ogura JM, Francois KE, Perlow JH, Elliott JP. Complications associated with peripherally inserted central catheter use during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:1223–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  349. Ng PK, Ault MJ, Ellrodt AG, Maldonado L. Peripherally inserted central catheters in general medicine. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72:225–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Gosnell JE, O’Neill BB, Harris HW. Necrotizing pancreatitis during pregnancy: a rare cause and review of the literature. J Gastrointest Surg. 2001;5:371–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. Loo CC, Tan JYL. Decreasing the plasma triglyceride level in hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis in pregnancy: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:241–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  352. Ong JM, Kirchgessner TG, Schotz MC, et al. Insulin increases the synthetic rate and messenger RNA level of lipoprotein lipase in isolated rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1988;253:12,933–8.

    Google Scholar 

  353. Jabbar MA, Zuhri-Yafi MI, Larrea J. Insulin therapy for a non-diabetic patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:458–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Mikhail N, Trivedi K, Page C, et al. Treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia in nondiabetic patients with insulin. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:415–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Tamez-Perez HE, Saenz-Gallegos R, Hernandez–Rodriguez K, et al. Insulin therapy in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2006;44:235–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Korn ED. Clearing factor, a heparin-activated lipoprotein lipase. I. Isolation and characterization of the enzyme from normal rat heart. J Biol Chem. 1955;215:1–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Sharma P, Lim S, James D, et al. Pancreatitis may occur with a normal amylase concentration in hypertriglyceridemia. Br Med J. 1996;313:1265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Sleth JC, Lafforgue E, Servais R, et al. A case of hypertriglycideremia-induced pancreatitis in pregnancy: value of heparin. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2004;23:835–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Nasstrom B, Olivecrona G, Olivecrona T, et al. Lipoprotein lipase during continuous heparin infusion: tissue stores become partially depleted. J Lab Clin Med. 2001;138:206–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Weintraub M, Rassin T, Eisenberg S, et al. Continuous intravenous heparin administration in humans causes a decrease in serum lipolytic activity and accumulation of chylomicrons in circulation. J Lipid Res. 1994;35:229–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Betteridge DJ, Bakowski M, Taylor KG, et al. Treatment of severe diabetic hypertriglyceridemia by plasma exchange. Lancet. 1978;1:1368.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  362. Ahner R, Speiser P, Swoboda K, et al. Hyperlipidemia-induced pancreatitis in pregnancy. Successful long-term treatment by extracorporeal elimination of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch. 1993;33 Suppl 1:337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, et al. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998;98:2088–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  364. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report. NIH publication no. 02-5215. Bethesda: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Harris WS, Ginsberg HN, Arunakul N, et al. Safety and efficacy of Omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1997;4:385–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  366. Miller DB, Spence JD. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fibric acid derivatives (fibrate). Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34:155–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Evans JR, Forland SC, Cutler RE. The effect of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of gemfibrozil. J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;27:994–1000.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  368. Oldemeyer JB, Lund RJ, Koch M, Meares AJ. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure after changing statin-fibrate combinations. Cardiology. 2000;94:127–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  369. Ozdemir O, Boran M, Gokce V, et al. A case with severe rhabdomyolysis and renal failure associated with cerivastatin gemfibrozil combination therapy. Angiology. 2000;51:695–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  370. Magarian GJ, Lucas LM, Colley C. Gemfibrozil-induced myopathy. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1873–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  371. Kazmin A, Garcia-Bournissen F, Koren G. Risks of statin use during pregnancy: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29:906–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  372. Taguchi N, Rubin ET, Hosokawa A, et al. Prenatal exposure to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes. Reprod Toxicol. 2008;26:175–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Tsai EC, Brown JA, Veldee MY, et al. Potential of essential fatty acid deficiency with extremely low fat diet in lipoprotein lipase deficiency during pregnancy: a case report. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004;4:27.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Basaran A. Pregnancy-induced hyperlipoproteinemia: review of the literature. Reprod Sci. 2009;16:431–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Piolot A, Nadler F, Cavallero E, et al. Prevention of recurrent acute pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia: value of regular plasmapheresis. Pancreas. 1996;13:96–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Montgomery WH, Miller FC. Pancreatitis and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1970;35:658–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  377. Ahrens Jr EH, Hirsch J, Oette K, et al. Carbohydrate-induced and fat-induced lipemia. Trans Med Soc Lond. 1961;74:134–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Sunamura M, Yamauchi H, Takeda K, et al. A case of acute pancreatitis associated with hyperlipidemia and pregnancy with reference to plasma exchange as a therapeutic intervention. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 1985;82:2139–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  379. Connor WE. The dietary treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Med Clin North Am. 1982;66:485.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. Healy AP, Sharer N, Rameh B, et al. Prevention of recurrent pancreatitis in familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency with high-dose antioxidant therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1203–5.

    Google Scholar 

  381. Greene J, Rogers A, Rubin L. Fetal loss after cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Can Med Assoc J. 1963;88:576–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Gadacz TR, Talamini MA. Traditional versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 1991;161:336–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Soper NJ. SAGES’ guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and use of laparoscopy for surgical problems during pregnancy. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:3477–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Barone JE, Bears S, Chen S, et al. Outcome study of cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1999;177:232–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Amano H, Takada T, Isaji S, et al. Therapeutic intervention and surgery of acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:53–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Horvath KD, et al. Videoscopic assisted retroperitoneal debridement in infected necrotizing pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford). 2007;9:156–9.

    Google Scholar 

  387. Wig JD, Gupta V, Kochhar R, et al. The role of non-operative strategies in the management of severe acute pancreatitis. JOP. 2010;11:553–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  388. Goodley CD, Rattner DW. Pancreatic pseudocyst. In: Cameron JL, editor. Current surgical therapy. 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1988. p. 507–9.

    Google Scholar 

  389. Bradley EL. Pancreatic pseudocysts. In: Bradley EL, editor. Complications of pancreatitis: medical and surgical management. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1982. p. 124–53.

    Google Scholar 

  390. Reber HA. The pancreas. In: Schwartz SI, Shiver GT, Spencer FC, Daly JM, Fischer JE, Galloway AC, editors. Principles of surgery. New York: McGraw -Hill; 1999. p. 1485–7.

    Google Scholar 

  391. Geokas MC, Baltaxe HA, Banks PA, et al. Acute pancreatitis. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:86–100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Ryan ME. Endoscopic management of a pancreatic pseudocyst during pregnancy. Gastroint Endosc. 1992;38:605–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Ko C. Biliary sludge and acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3:53–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. Pai PR, Shah HK, Samsi AB. Post-partum pancreatitis. J Postgrad Med. 1993;39:93–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Eddy JJ, Lynch GE, Treacy DE. Pancreatic pseudocysts in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. J Perinatol. 2003;23:69–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  396. Eddy JJ, Lynch GE, Treacy DE. Pancreatic pseudocysts in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. J Perinatol. 2004;29:242–3.

    Google Scholar 

  397. Chen CP, Wang KG, Su TH, Yang YC. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74:607–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Bar-David J, Mazor M, Leiberman JR, et al. Gestational diabetes complicated by severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis. Arch Obstet Gynecol. 1996;258:101–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Beattie GJ, Muir BB. Acute pancreatitis with pseudocyst formation complicating pregnancy in a patient with a coexistent choledochal cyst. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;100:957–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Stowell JC, Bottsford JE, Rubel HR. Pancreatitis with pseudocyst and cholelithiasis in third trimester of pregnancy. South Med J. 1984;77:502–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  401. Orlando CA, Bowman RL, Loose JH. Multicentric papillary–cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991;115:958–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Morales A, Ruiz Molina JM, Esteves HO, et al. Papillary–cystic neoplasm of the pancreas, a sex – steroid dependent tumor. Int J Pancreatol. 1998;24:219–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  403. Olsen ME, Greer MS, Feintuch TA. Pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma during pregnancy. Am J Gynecol Health. 1993;7:27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  404. Warshaw AL, Rutledge PL. Cystic tumors mistaken for pancreatic pseudocysts. Ann Surg. 1987;205:393–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  405. Tanaka M, Chari S, Adsay V, et al. International Consensus Guidelines for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2006;6:17–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  406. Truong MT, Lalakea ML, Robbins P, Friduss M. Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: a case series and review. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:1966–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  407. McMullen TP, Learoyd DL, Williams DC. Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: options for localization and surgical therapy. World J Surg. 2010;34:1811–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  408. Pothiwala P, Levine SN. Parathyroid surgery in pregnancy: review of the literature and localization by aspiration for parathyroid hormone levels. J Perinatol. 2009;29:779–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  409. Mitchell DM, Jüppner H. Regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism in the fetus and neonate. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010;17:25–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Kovacs CS, Kronenberg HM. Maternal-fetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium and lactation. Endocr Rev. 1997;18:832–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Wolfe HJ. Calcitonin: perspectives in current concepts. J Endocrinol Invest. 1982;5:423–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Horjus C, Groot I, Telting D, et al. Cinacalcet for hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy and puerperium. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009;22:741–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Nussbaum SR. Pathophysiology and management of severe hypercalcemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22:343–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  414. Steffensrud S. Parathyroids: the forgotten glands. Neonatal Netw. 2000;19:9–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. Nathaniels EK, Nathaniels AM, Wang C. Mediastinal parathyroid tumors: a clinical and pathological study of 84 cases. Ann Surg. 1970;171:165–70.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Russell CFJ, Edis AJ, Scholz DA, et al. Mediastinal parathyroid tumors. Experience with 38 tumors requiring mediastinotomy for removal. Ann Surg. 1981;193:805–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Rooney DP, Traub AI, Russell CFJ, Hadden DR. Cure of hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy by sternotomy and removal of a mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. Postgrad Med J. 1998;74:233–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  418. Young KR. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: two case reports. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60:653–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  419. Lykkesfeldt G, Bock JE, Pdersen FD, et al. Excessive hypertriglyceridaemia and pancreatitis in pregnancy: association with lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1981;60:79–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  420. Chu AJ, Rooney SA. Estrogen stimulation of surfactant synthesis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1985;1(3 Suppl):S110–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  421. Langmade CF, Edmondson HA. Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy and post-partum period: report of 9 cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951;92:43–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  422. Joupilla P, Mokka R, Larmi TKI. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Surg Gynaecol Obstet. 1974;139:879–82.

    Google Scholar 

  423. Tang SJ, Mayo ML, Rodriguez-Frias E, et al. Safety and utility of ERCP during pregnancy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:453–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  424. Dixon NP, Faddis DM, Silberman H. Aggressive management of cholecystitis during pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1987;154:292–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  425. Okamura D, Starr ME, Lee EY, et al. Age-dependent vulnerability to experimental acute pancreatitis is associated with increased systemic inflammation and thrombosis. Aging Cell. 2012;11:760–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  426. Goldacre MJ, Roberts SE. Hospital admission for acute pancreatitis in an English population, 1963–98: database study of incidence and mortality. Br Med J. 2004;328:1466–9.

    Google Scholar 

  427. Talukdar R, Vege SS. Recent developments in acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(11 Suppl):S3–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  428. Sunamura M, Matsuno S, Takeda K, et al. Experimental study on the pathogenesis of pulmonary insufficiency in acute pancreatitis and changes in the pulmonary surfactant. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1988;89:1049–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  429. Ko CW. Risk factors for gallstone-related hospitalization during pregnancy and the postpartum. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2263–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  430. Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F. Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium. Hepatology. 1993;17:1–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Delmonico FL, Neer RM, Cosimi AB, et al. Hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1976;131:328–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  432. Sauer M, Steere A, Parsons MT. Hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy with sonographic documentation of a parathyroid adenoma: a case report. J Reprod Med. 1985;30:615–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. Friderichsen C. Tetany in a suckling: with latent osteitis fibrosa in the mother. Lancet. 1939;233:85–6.

    Google Scholar 

  434. Hutchnin P, Kessner DM. Neonatal tetany. Diagnostic lead to hyperparathyroidism in the mother. Ann Intern Med. 1964;61:1109–15.

    Google Scholar 

  435. McGeown MG, Field CM. Asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism. Lancet. 1960;2:1268–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  436. Vanarsdel Jr PP. Maternal hyperparathyroidism as a cause of neonatal tetany: case report and review of 29 cases of parathyroid adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1955;15:680–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  437. Walton RL. Neonatal tetany in two siblings: effects of maternal hyperparathyroidism. Pediatrics. 1954;13:227–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  438. Kaplan MM. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:367–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  439. Knox TA, Olans LB. Liver disease in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:569–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  440. Balachandra S, Virlos IT, King NK, et al. Hyperlipidemia and outcome in acute pancreatitis. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:156–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  441. Navarro S, Cubiella J, Feu F, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis. Is its clinical course different from lithiasic acute pancreatitis? Med Clin (Barc). 2004;123:567–70.

    Google Scholar 

  442. Koscica KL, Nwaubani U, Nazir M, Gimovsky M. Severe hyperlipidemia induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2009;2009:383942.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Goran Augustin MD, PhD

  2. School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Goran Augustin MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Goran Augustin MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Augustin, G. (2014). Acute Pancreatitis. In: Acute Abdomen During Pregnancy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05422-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05422-3_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-05421-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05422-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation