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Hepatitis A: Immune Response and Virus Evolution

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Liver Immunology

Abstract

Hepatitis A (HA) is the most common form of acute hepatitis worldwide [1]. The HA etiological agent is the hepatitis A virus (HAV), an enteric virus primarily transmitted through the fecal–oral route [2]. The distribution of HA in different geographical areas of the world has been associated with socioeconomic development and access to clean water and sanitation [1–3]. The incidence of HAV infection is high in developing regions and low in developed regions [2]. In developing countries, most individuals are exposed to HAV during early childhood, when the infection is primarily asymptomatic. In developed countries, infection typically occurs at an older age associated with more severe clinical symptoms. Because HAV infection induces life-long immunity, severe HA is rare in adults of highly endemic regions. In contrast, HA in low endemic areas primarily occurs in immunologically naïve adults who come in contact with the virus while travelling to endemic regions [4, 5], have risky sexual practices [6, 7], or consume contaminated water or food [8–10].

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Disclaimer 

This book chapter reflects the views of the author and should not be construed to represent the views or policies of the FDA.

Financial and competing interests disclosure: Research in the Enteric Virus Laboratory of the University of Barcelona is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project BIO2011-23461) and Generalitat de Catalunya (project 2005SGR00966 and Biotechnology Reference Network).

The authors would like to disclose that the Enteric Virus Laboratory of the University of Barcelona owns intellectual property in the field of HAV genetics and HAV antigen production. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. GK declares no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, and Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Rosa M. Pintó Ph.D. & Albert Bosch Ph.D.

  2. Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Gerardo Kaplan Ph.D.

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  1. Rosa M. Pintó Ph.D.
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  3. Gerardo Kaplan Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Rosa M. Pintó Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA

    M. Eric Gershwin

  2. Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

    John M. Vierling

  3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, Germany

    Michael P. Manns

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Pintó, R.M., Bosch, A., Kaplan, G. (2014). Hepatitis A: Immune Response and Virus Evolution. In: Gershwin, M., Vierling, J., Manns, M. (eds) Liver Immunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02096-9_13

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