Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Structural Genomic Variation in NOD-Like Receptors and Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Genomics of Pattern Recognition Receptors

  • 730 Accesses

Abstract

NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 are members of Nod-like receptor family. They are located in cytosol, bind bacterial and viral ligands and play a key role in realization of innate and adaptive immune response, apoptosis, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species generation. Polymorphisms in NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 genes may shift balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, modulating the risk of infection, chronic inflammation and cancer. According to the data represented in this chapter, NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms may be associated with altered risk of gastric, colorectal, breast, ovarian, prostate, testicular, lung, laryngeal, liver, gallbladder, biliary tract, pancreatic, small bowel, kidney, urinary bladder cancer, skin cancer, nonthyroid endocrine tumors, lymphoma and leukemia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R et al (2001) A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411:603–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cézard JP, Belaiche J et al (2001) Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411:599–603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sugimura K, Taylor KD, Lin YC, Hang T, Wang D, Tang YM et al (2003) A novel NOD2/CARD15 haplotype conferring risk for Crohn disease in Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Hum Genet 72:509–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Andriulli A, Annese V, Latiano A, Palmieri O, Fortina P, Ardizzone S et al (2004) The frame-shift mutation of the NOD2/CARD15 gene is significantly increased in ulcerative colitis: an *IG-IBD study. Gastroenterology 126:625–627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Gazouli M, Mantzaris G, Kotsinas A, Zacharatos P, Papalambros E, Archimandritis A et al (2005) Association between polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 4, CD14, and CARD15/NOD2 and inflammatory bowel disease in the Greek population. World J Gastroenterol 11:681–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Munkholm P (2003) Review article: the incidence and prevalence of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18(Suppl 2):1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kurzawski G, Suchy J, Kładny J, Grabowska E, Mierzejewski M, Jakubowska A et al (2004) The NOD2 3020insC mutation and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 64:1604–1606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Alhopuro P, Ahvenainen T, Mecklin JP, Juhola M, Järvinen HJ, Karhu A et al (2004) NOD2 3020insC alone is not sufficient for colorectal cancer predisposition. Cancer Res 64:7245–7247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Papaconstantinou I, Theodoropoulos G, Gazouli M, Panoussopoulos D, Mantzaris GJ, Felekouras E et al (2005) Association between mutations in the CARD15/NOD2 gene and colorectal cancer in a Greek population. Int J Cancer 114:433–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lubiński J, Huzarski T, Kurzawski G, Suchy J, Masojć B, Mierzejewski M et al (2005) The 3020insC allele of NOD2 predisposes to cancers of multiple organs. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 3:59–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Roberts RL, Gearry RB, Allington MD, Morrin HR, Robinson BA, Frizelle FA (2006) Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 mutations in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 66:2532–2535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Irmejs A, Miklasevics E, Boroschenko V, Gardovskis A, Vanags A, Melbarde-Gorkusa I et al (2006) Pilot study on low penetrance breast and colorectal cancer predisposition markers in Latvia. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 4:48–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tuupanen S, Alhopuro P, Mecklin JP, Järvinen H, Aaltonen LA (2007) No evidence for association of NOD2 R702 W and G908R with colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 121:76–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lakatos PL, Hitre E, Szalay F, Zinober K, Fuszek P, Lakatos L et al (2007) Common NOD2/CARD15 variants are not associated with susceptibility or the clinicopathologic characteristics of sporadic colorectal cancer in Hungarian patients. BMC Cancer. 7:54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Suchy J, Kłujszo-Grabowska E, Kładny J, Cybulski C, Wokołorczyk D, Szymańska-Pasternak J et al (2008) Inflammatory response gene polymorphisms and their relationship with colorectal cancer risk. BMC Cancer 8:112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Szeliga J, Sondka Z, Jackowski M, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Tretyn A, Malenczyk M (2008) NOD2/CARD15 polymorphism in patients with rectal cancer. Med Sci Monit 14:CR480–CR484

    Google Scholar 

  17. Möckelmann N, von Schönfels W, Buch S, von Kampen O, Sipos B, Egberts JH et al (2009) Investigation of innate immunity genes CARD4, CARD8 and CARD15 as germline susceptibility factors for colorectal cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 9:79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tian Y, Li Y, Hu Z, Wang D, Sun X, Ren C (2010) Differential effects of NOD2 polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 25:161–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yazdanyar S, Nordestgaard BG (2010) NOD2/CARD15 genotype and common gastrointestinal diseases in 43,600 individuals. J Intern Med 267:228–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Freire P, Portela F, Donato MM, Figueiredo P, Ferreira M, Amaro P et al (2010) CARD15 mutations and colorectal cancer in a south European country. Int J Colorectal Dis 25:1211–1219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. von Roon AC, Reese G, Teare J, Constantinides V, Darzi AW, Tekkis PP (2007) The risk of cancer in patients with Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 50:839–855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Kliewer E, Wajda A (2001) Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Cancer 91:854–862

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Arnott ID, Nimmo ER, Drummond HE, Fennell J, Smith BR, MacKinlay E et al (2004) NOD2/CARD15, TLR4 and CD14 mutations in Scottish and Irish Crohn’s disease patients: evidence for genetic heterogeneity within Europe? Genes Immun 5:417–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rosenstiel P, Hellmig S, Hampe J, Ott S, Till A, Fischbach W et al (2006) Influence of polymorphisms in the NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 genes on the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Cell Microbiol 8:1188–1198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wex T, Ebert MP, Kropf S, Dierkes J, Schüttler K, Röcken C et al (2008) Gene polymorphisms of the NOD-2/CARD-15 gene and the risk of gastric cancer in Germany. Anticancer Res 28:757–762

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Angeletti S, Galluzzo S, Santini D, Ruzzo A, Vincenzi B, Ferraro E et al (2009) NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms impair innate immunity and increase susceptibility to gastric cancer in an Italian population. Hum Immunol 70:729–732

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hnatyszyn A, Szalata M, Stanczyk J, Cichy W, Slomski R (2010) Association of c.802C > T polymorphism of NOD2/CARD15 gene with the chronic gastritis and predisposition to cancer in H. pylori infected patients. Exp Mol Pathol 88:388–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rigoli L, Di Bella C, Fedele F, Procopio V, Amorini M (2010) Lo Giudice G et al. TLR4 and NOD2/CARD15 genetic polymorphisms and their possible role in gastric carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res 30:513–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang P, Zhang L, Jiang JM, Ma D, Tao HX, Yuan SL, Wang YC, Wang LC, Liang H, Zhang ZS, Liu CJ (2012) Association of NOD1 and NOD2 genes polymorphisms with Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer in a Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 18:2112–2120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2009) Cancer risks in Crohn disease patients. Ann Oncol 20:574–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Forrest MS, Skibola CF, Lightfoot TJ, Bracci PM, Willett EV, Smith MT et al (2006) Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 134:180–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rothman N, Skibola CF, Wang SS, Morgan G, Lan Q, Smith MT et al (2006) Genetic variation in TNF and IL10 and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the interlymph consortium. Lancet Oncol 7:27–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Türe-Ozdemir F, Gazouli M, Tzivras M, Panagos C, Bovaretos N, Petraki K et al (2008) Association of polymorphisms of NOD2, TLR4 and CD14 genes with susceptibility to gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Anticancer Res 28:3697–3700

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Skibola CF, Bracci PM, Nieters A, Brooks-Wilson A, de Sanjosé S, Hughes AM et al (2010) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) polymorphisms and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma in the interlymph consortium. Am J Epidemiol 171:267–276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Huzarski T, Lener M, Domagała W, Gronwald J, Byrski T, Kurzawski G et al (2005) The 3020insC allele of NOD2 predisposes to early-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 89:91–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Janiszewska H, Haus O, Lauda-Swieciak A, Bak A, Mierzwa T, Sir J et al (2006) The NOD2 3020insC mutation in women with breast cancer from the Bydgoszcz region in Poland. First results. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 4:15–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Magnowski P, Medrek K, Magnowska M, Stawicka M, Kedzia H, Górski B et al (2008) The 3020insC NOD2 gene mutation in patients with ovarian cancer. Ginekol Pol 79:544–549

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ashton KA, Proietto A, Otton G, Symonds I, McEvoy M, Attia J et al (2010) Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleosome-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) gene polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk. BMC Cancer 10:382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nej K, Bartsch DK, Sina-Frey M, Rieder H, Hahn SA, Lubiński J (2004) The NOD2 3020insC mutation and the risk of familial pancreatic cancer? Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2:149–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Debniak T, Kurzawski G, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Gronwald J, Debniak B et al (2005) NOD2 variants and the risk of malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer Prev 14:143–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ennas MG, Moore PS, Zucca M, Angelucci E, Cabras MG, Melis M et al (2008) Interleukin-1B (IL1B) and interleukin-6 (IL6) gene polymorphisms are associated with risk of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematol Oncol 26:98–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. McGovern DP, Hysi P, Ahmad T, van Heel DA, Moffatt MF, Carey A et al (2005) Association between a complex insertion/deletion polymorphism in NOD1 (CARD4) and susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease. Hum Mol Genet 14:1245–1250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tanabe T, Ishige I, Suzuki Y, Aita Y, Furukawa A, Ishige Y et al (2006) Sarcoidosis and NOD1 variation with impaired recognition of intracellular Propionibacterium acnes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1762:794–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Boffetta P, Rabkin CS, Gridley G (2009) A cohort study of cancer among sarcoidosis patients. Int J Cancer 124:2697–2700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ji J, Shu X, Li X, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Hemminki K (2009) Cancer risk in hospitalized sarcoidosis patients: a follow-up study in Sweden. Ann Oncol 20:1121–1126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hofner P, Gyulai Z, Kiss ZF, Tiszai A, Tiszlavicz L, Tóth G et al (2007) Genetic polymorphisms of NOD1 and IL-8, but not polymorphisms of TLR4 genes, are associated with Helicobacter pylori-induced duodenal ulcer and gastritis. Helicobacter 12:124–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kara B, Akkiz H, Doran F, Bayram S, Erken E, Gumurdullu Y et al (2010) The significance of E266 K polymorphism in the NOD1 gene on Helicobacter pylori infection: an effective force on pathogenesis? Clin Exp Med. 10:107–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Molnar T, Hofner P, Nagy F, Lakatos PL, Fischer S, Lakatos L et al (2007) NOD1 gene E266 K polymorphism is associated with disease susceptibility but not with disease phenotype or NOD2/CARD15 in Hungarian patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Liver Dis 39:1064–1070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Verma R, Ahuja V, Paul J (2009) Frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in NOD1 gene of ulcerative colitis patients: a case-control study in the Indian population. BMC Med Genet 10:82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Huebner C, Ferguson LR, Han DY, Philpott M, Barclay ML, Gearry RB et al (2009) Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) haplotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms modify susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases in a New Zealand caucasian population: a case-control study. BMC Res Notes 2:52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kupcinskas J, Wex T, Bornschein J, Selgrad M, Leja M, Juozaityte E, Kiudelis G, Jonaitis L, Malfertheiner P (2011) Lack of association between gene polymorphisms of Angiotensin converting enzyme, Nod-like receptor 1, Toll-like receptor 4, FAS/FASL and the presence of Helicobacter pylori-induced premalignant gastric lesions and gastric cancer in caucasians. BMC Med Genet 12:112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Wu CY, Hu HY, Pu CY, Huang N, Shen HC, Li CP et al (2011) Pulmonary tuberculosis increases the risk of lung cancer: a population-based cohort study. Cancer 117:618–624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Shiels MS, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Engels EA (2011) Increased risk of lung cancer in men with tuberculosis in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20:672–678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Shebl FM, Engels EA, Goedert JJ, Chaturvedi AK (2010) Pulmonary infections and risk of lung cancer among persons with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 55:375–379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kocazeybek B (2003) Chronic Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in lung cancer, a risk factor: a case-control study. J Med Microbiol 52:721–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Austin CM, Ma X, Graviss EA (2008) Common nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene are associated with resistance or susceptibility to tuberculosis disease in African, Americans. J Infect Dis 197:1713–1716

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Leung E, Hong J, Fraser AG, Merriman TR, Vishnu P, Abbott WG et al (2005) Polymorphisms of CARD15/NOD2 and CD14 genes in New Zealand Crohn’s disease patients. Immunol Cell Biol 83:498–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gearry RB, Roberts RL, Burt MJ, Frampton CM, Chapman BA, Collett JA et al (2007) Effect of inflammatory bowel disease classification changes on NOD2 genotype-phenotype associations in a population-based cohort. Inflamm Bowel Dis 13:1220–1227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Heliö T, Halme L, Lappalainen M, Fodstad H, Paavola-Sakki P, Turunen U et al (2003) CARD15/NOD2 gene variants are associated with familially occurring and complicated forms of Crohn’s disease. Gut 52:558–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lappalainen M, Paavola-Sakki P, Halme L, Turunen U, Färkkilä M, Repo H et al (2008) Novel CARD15/NOD2 mutations in Finnish patients with Crohn’s disease and their relation to phenotypic variation in vitro and in vivo. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14:176–185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bene J, Magyari L, Talián G, Komlósi K, Gasztonyi B, Tari B et al (2006) Prevalence of SLC22A4, SLC22A5 and CARD15 gene mutations in Hungarian pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 12:5550–5553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Büning C, Molnar T, Nagy F, Lonovics J, Weltrich R, Bochow B et al (2005) NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: is Hungary different? World J Gastroenterol 11:407–411

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Csöngei V, Járomi L, Sáfrány E, Sipeky C, Magyari L, Faragó B et al (2010) Interaction of the major inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility alleles in Crohn’s disease patients. World J Gastroenterol 16:176–183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lakatos PL, Lakatos L, Szalay F, Willheim-Polli C, Osterreicher C, Tulassay Z et al (2005) Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD2/CARD15 mutations in Hungarian patients with Crohn’s disease: phenotype-genotype correlations. World J Gastroenterol 11:1489–1495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Nagy Z, Karádi O, Rumi G, Rumi G Jr, Pár A, Mózsik G et al (2005) Crohn’s disease is associated with polymorphism of CARD15/NOD2 gene in a Hungarian population. Ann NY Acad Sci 1051:45–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Medici V, Mascheretti S, Croucher PJ, Stoll M, Hampe J, Grebe J et al (2006) Extreme heterogeneity in CARD15 and DLG5 Crohn disease-associated polymorphisms between German and Norwegian populations. Eur J Hum Genet 14:459–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Radlmayr M, Torok HP, Martin K, Folwaczny C (2002) The cinsertion mutation of the NOD2 gene is associated with fistulizing and fibrostenotic phenotypes in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 122:2091–2092

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Büning C, Genschel J, Bühner S, Krüger S, Kling K, Dignass A et al (2004) Mutations in the NOD2/CARD15 gene in Crohn’s disease are associated with ileocecal resection and are a risk factor for reoperation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19:1073–1078

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Buhner S, Buning C, Genschel J, Kling K, Herrmann D, Dignass A et al (2006) Genetic basis for increased intestinal permeability in families with Crohn’s disease: role of CARD15 3020insC mutation? Gut 55:342–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Vind I, Vieira A, Hougs L, Tavares L, Riis L, Andersen PS et al (2005) NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms in Crohn’s disease: a genotype-phenotype analysis in Danish and Portuguese patients and controls. Digestion 72:156–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ferreira AC, Almeida S, Tavares M, Canedo P, Pereira F, Regalo G et al (2005) NOD2/CARD15 and TNFA, but not IL1B and IL1RN, are associated with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:331–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gazouli M, Pachoula I, Panayotou I, Mantzaris G, Chrousos G, Anagnou NP et al (2010) NOD2/CARD15, ATG16L1 and IL23R gene polymorphisms and childhood-onset of Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 16:1753–1758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gazouli M, Zacharatos P, Mantzaris GJ, Barbatis C, Ikonomopoulos I, Archimandritis AJ et al (2004) Association of NOD2/CARD15 variants with Crohn’s disease in a Greek population. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16:1177–1182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gaj P, Habior A, Mikula M, Ostrowski J (2008) Lack of evidence for association of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis with risk alleles for Crohn’s disease in Polish patients. BMC Med Genet 9:81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Epidemiology, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Voroshilova Street 22A, Kemerovo, 650029, Russia

    Anton G. Kutikhin

  2. Siberian Branch, Res Inst Cardiovascular Diseases, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Sosnovy Blvd. 6, Kemerovo, 650002, Russia

    Arseniy E. Yuzhalin

Authors
  1. Anton G. Kutikhin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arseniy E. Yuzhalin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anton G. Kutikhin .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Basel

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kutikhin, A.G., Yuzhalin, A.E. (2013). Structural Genomic Variation in NOD-Like Receptors and Cancer. In: Genomics of Pattern Recognition Receptors. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0688-6_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation