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Infection, Immune Homeostasis and Immune Privilege pp 107–124Cite as

Immune Homeostasis of the Lung: The Role of Regulatory NKT Cells in Asthma

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Part of the book series: Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases ((BAID))

Abstract

Bronchial asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs, is a complex and heterogenous disease that has increased dramatically in prevalence over the past 3 decades. The increasing prevalence of asthma is thought to be due to changes in our environment, particularly to reductions in the incidence of several infectious diseases that exert protective effects against asthma, as suggested by the Hygiene Hypothesis. Accumulating studies suggest that exposure to a variety of microbiota affects the immune system, resulting in protection against the development of asthma and allergy. However, the specific immunological mechanisms responsible for the inverse relationship between infections and asthma are far from clear. In this review, we focus on immune homeostasis in the lungs in the regulation of asthma. We discuss the classical paradigm of Th2 cells and allergy, but focus on control by regulatory T (Treg) cells and by a novel regulatory immune cell type—a suppressive subset of natural killer T (NKT) cells. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms for Hygiene Hypothesis by which infectious microorganisms protect against asthma, in which innate immune, rather than adaptive immune, cells may interact with microbes, including influenza A virus and Helicobacter pylori, and manipulate and shape immunity in young children. Finally, the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the Hygiene Hypothesis may result in new therapeutic approaches to the prevention of these disorders.

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  1. Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Ya-Jen Chang, Rosemarie H. DeKruyff & Dale T. Umetsu

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  1. Ya-Jen Chang
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  2. Rosemarie H. DeKruyff
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  3. Dale T. Umetsu
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Correspondence to Dale T. Umetsu .

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  1. , Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Staniford Street 20, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Joan Stein-Streilein

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Chang, YJ., DeKruyff, R.H., Umetsu, D.T. (2012). Immune Homeostasis of the Lung: The Role of Regulatory NKT Cells in Asthma. In: Stein-Streilein, J. (eds) Infection, Immune Homeostasis and Immune Privilege. Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0445-5_5

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