Abstract
For addressing the specific objectives of a proposed study, stereotaxic surgery is often used in combination with other techniques. These techniques can include in vivo experimental procedures for activating or inactivating brain structures or transmitter systems, permanent selective lesioning, functional neuroanatomy using tracers and activity markers, and acute or chronic measurements or recordings. Through three examples, this chapter covers the practical realization of a stereotaxic surgery in combination with several techniques: the insertion of a guide cannula for pharmacological microinjections or optogenetic manipulations in rats, the insertion of glass microelectrode in a model of head-restrained rat for semi-chronic electrophysiological recordings and a procedure of microdialysis in the anesthetized mouse. To ensure a proper conduct of such complex stereotaxic surgeries, these procedures are thoroughly described with the preparation of the surgical tools, the adequate protocols for anesthesia and analgesia, and the method to verify the correct placement of the cannula or probe on the stereotaxic holder. The main surgical gestures and procedures including drilling, mounting of anchor screws and fixing cannula and screws with cement are detailed. Through these examples, this chapter is aimed to help users to adequately prepare and perform their own surgeries, in order to obtain an optimal precision and reproducibility in their procedures, with a constant care of the animal’s welfare.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Berridge KC, Whishaw IQ (1992) Cortex, striatum and cerebellum: control of serial order in a grooming sequence. Exp Brain Res 90(2):275–290
Blasiak T, Czubak W, Ignaciak A, Lewandowski MH (2010) A new approach to detection of the bregma point on the rat skull. J Neurosci Methods 185(2):199–203
Blum D, Torch S, Lambeng N et al (2001) Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 65(2):135–172
Buchen L (2010) Illuminating the brain. Nature 465:26–28
Centonze D, Calabresi P, Giacomini P, Bernardi G (1999) Neurophysiology of Parkinson’s disease: from basic research to clinical correlates. Clin Neurophysiol 110(12):2006–2013
Chen Z, Ong BH, Kambouris NG, Marban E, Tomaselli GF, Balser JR (2000) Lidocaine induces a slow inactivated state in rat skeletal muscle sodium channels. J Physiol 524:37–49
Dudley MW, Howard BD, Cho AK (1990) The interaction of the beta-haloethyl benzylamines, xylamine, and DSP-4 with catecholaminergic neurons. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:387–403
Duncan RJS, Sourkes TL, Dubrovsky BO, Quik M (1975) Activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase and acetylcholine esterase in striatum of rats bearing electrolytic lesions of the medial forebrain bundle. J Neurochem 24(1):143–147
Ferry B, McGaugh JL (2008) Involvement of the basolateral amygdala α2-adrenoceptors in memory modulation of inhibitory avoidance in the rat. Learn Mem 15(4):238–243
Ferry B, Sandner G, Di Scala G (1995) Neuroanatomical and functional specificity of basolateral amygdaloid nucleus in taste potentiated odor aversion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 64:169–180
Ferry B, Wirth S, Di Scala G (1999) Functional interaction between entorhinal cortex and basolateral amygdala during trace conditioning of odor aversion in the rat. Behav Neurosci 113(1):118–125
Fritschy JM, Grzanna R (1991) Selective effects of DSP-4 on locus coeruleus axons: are there pharmacologically different types of noradrenergic axons in the central nervous system? Prog Brain Res 88:257–268
Gervasoni D, Darracq L, Fort P, Souliere S, Chouvet G, Luppi PH (1998) Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus are tonically inhibited by GABA during sleep. Eur J Neurosci 10:964–970
Gervasoni D, Peyron C, Rampon C et al (2000) Role and origin of the GABAergic innervations of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurones. J Neurosci 20:4217–4225
Glinka Y, Gassen M, Youdim MB (1997) Mechanism of 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. J Neural Transm 50:55–66
Goldstein LB (1993) Beam-walking in rats: the measurement of motor recovery after injury to the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Protoc 10(3):1–13
Jarrard LE (2002) Use of excitotoxins to lesion the hippocampus: update. Hippocampus 12(3):405–414
Jonsson G (1980) Chemical neurotoxins as denervation tools in neurobiology. Annu Rev Neurosci 3:169–187
King BM (1991) Comparison of electrolytic and radio-frequency and lesion methods. Methods Neurosci 7:90–97
Kostrzewa RM (1995) Dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 19(1):1–17
Kostrzewa RM (2009) Evolution of neurotoxins: from research modalities to clinical realities. Curr Protoc Neurosci 1: Unit 1.18
Kostrzewa RM, Brus R (1998) Destruction of catecholamine-containing neurons by 6-hydroxydopa, an endogenous amine oxidase cofactor. Amino Acids 14(1–3):175–179
Li Y, Peris J, Zhong L, Derendorf H (2006) Microdialysis as a tool in local pharmacodynamics. AAPS J 8(2):222–235
Livingston-Thomas JM, Hume AW, Doucette TA, Tasker RA (2013) A novel approach to induction and rehabilitation of deficits in forelimb function in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 34(1):104–112
McGaughy J, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW, Sarter M (2000) The role of cortical cholinergic afferent projections in cognition: impact of new selective immunotoxins. Behav Brain Res 115(2):251–263
Messier C, Emond S, Ethier K (1998) New techniques in stereotaxic surgery and anesthesia in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 63(2):313–318
Milner TA, Amaral DG (1984) Evidence for a ventral septal projection to the hippocampal formation of the rat. Exp Brain Res 55(3):579–585
Rotman A, Creveling CR (1976) A rationale for the design of cell-specific toxic agents: the mechanism of action of 6-hydroxydopamine. FEBS Lett 72(2):227–230
Schliebs R, Rossner S, Bigl V (1996) Immunolesion by 192IgG-saporin of rat basal forebrain cholinergic system: a useful tool to produce cortical cholinergic dysfunction. Prog Brain Res 109:253–264
Schwarting RK, Huston JP (1996) The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model in behavioral brain research. Analysis of functional deficits, recovery and treatments. Prog Neurobiol 50(2–3):275–331
Schwarting RK, Huston JP (1997) Behavioral and neurochemical dynamics of neurotoxic mesostriatal dopamine lesions. Neurotoxicology 18(3):689–708
Urbain N, Rentero N, Gervasoni D, Renaud B, Chouvet G (2002) The switch of subthalamic neurons from an irregular to a bursting pattern does not solely depend on their GABAergic inputs in the anesthetic-free rat. J Neurosci 22:8665–8675
Urbain N, Creamer K, Debonnel G (2006) Electrophysiological diversity of the dorsal raphe cells across the sleep-wake cycle of the rat. J Physiol 573:679–695
Vargo JM, Marshall JF (1996) Unilateral frontal cortex ablation producing neglect causes time-dependent changes in striatal glutamate receptors. Behav Brain Res 77(1–2):189–199
Wiley RG (1992) Neural lesioning with ribosome-inactivating proteins: suicide transport and immunolesioning. Trends Neurosci 15(8):285–290
Wiley RG (1997) Findings about the cholinergic basal forebrain using immunotoxin to the nerve growth factor receptor. Ann NY Acad Sci 835:20–29
Wiley RG (2001) Targeting toxins to neural antigens and receptors. Methods Mol Biol 166:267–276
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag France
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferry, B., Gervasoni, D., Vogt, C. (2014). Realization of the Stereotaxic Surgery. In: Stereotaxic Neurosurgery in Laboratory Rodent. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0472-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0472-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Paris
Print ISBN: 978-2-8178-0471-2
Online ISBN: 978-2-8178-0472-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)