Abstract
Around 70% of bladder tumors are non muscle-invasive at diagnosis and of these, 70% are stage Ta, 20% are stage T1, and 10% are carcinoma in situ (CIS). Bladder cancer is staged according to the 2002 tumor, nodes, metastases (TNM) classification approved by the Union International Contre le Cancer (Table 1.1). In this classification, papillary tumors confined to the urothelium are defined as stage Ta, whereas those invading the lamina propria are considered to be T1. By definition, CIS is confined to the urothelium and does not breach the basement membrane, but CIS has a phenotype similar to invasive disease and is associated with an aggressive outcome if left untreated. T2 tumors invade the detrusor muscle, and T3 tumors extend into the perivesical fat.
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Rochester, M.A., Kelly, J.D. (2010). Bladder Cancer. In: Shergill, I., Arya, M., Grange, P., Mundy, A. (eds) Medical Therapy in Urology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-704-2_1
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