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This is the case for any kind of development. In some circumstances it may be possible to control change, but this can be done only to an extent.
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We will use the terms ‘collaborative’ and ‘cooperative’ interchangeably to denote any
socially organised work undertaken within an organisational division of labour .
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We concur with Jirotka et al.’s point to an extent. We would agree that ethnography by itself does not provide a means for unambiguously settling such questions, but would argue that ethnography can help with the work of envisaging the future. See the conclusions of this chapter for further discussion on this point.
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In relation to formal requirements documents: we would not want designers to have to rely solely on formal requirements specifications, but be able to interrogate them as appropriate in light of a more detailed understanding of the phenomena they either represent or have emerged from.
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Crabtree’s (2003) recent admirable book on the practical application of ethnography for design goes a considerable way to filling this gap.
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An example of the former concerned the creation of a contacts database for psychiatrists working in a hospital ward, where a prior ethnography suggested both the need for such a database, as well as how it might best be organised and searched (Hartswood et al., 2000). An example of the latter concerned the use of a decision aid for mammography. Examining the details of breast screening practice showed up the tool’s simplifying assumptions and suggested alternative avenues for design (Hartswood, 1999).
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Taking the mammography decision support example again (Hartswood, 1999), as stated above, our study did identify ‘simplifying assumptions and open up new avenues for design’ but since we were evaluating a software package nearing maturity, there was little value to be gained from simply saying ‘if you were going to start again, I’d do it differently’, but much from assisting efforts deploying the existing system.
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Suchman (1995) draws out the equivocal nature of producing ethnographic representations to inform design.
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Voss, A., Procter, R., Slack, R., Hartswood, M., Rouncefield, M. (2009). Design as and for Collaboration: Making Sense of and Supporting Practical Action. In: Büscher, M., Slack, R., Rouncefield, M., Procter, R., Hartswood, M., Voss, A. (eds) Configuring User-Designer Relations. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-925-5_3
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