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Coronary Artery Disease pp 1–10Cite as

Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Refractory Angina

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Abstract

Against the background of increasing health care expenditures, coronary heart disease has a significant impact on global economics as a leading cause of disability and loss of productivity. Over 70 million Americans suffer from cardiovascular disease, contributing to approximately 900,000 deaths annually. Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease account for more than six million hospitalizations every year in the USA alone [1]. As treatment outcomes of acute coronary syndromes continue to improve, more patients survive the acute event and thus their disease state changes into a chronic phase. The increasing incidence of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and obesity combined with the increasing number of revascularization procedures and decreased cardiac mortality rate have transformed the demographic of patients with ischemic heart disease into a steadily increasing population of patients with chronic, and occasionally refractory, angina pectoris.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Shahar Lavi

  2. Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    David E. Kandzari

  3. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA

    Gregory W. Barsness

Authors
  1. Shahar Lavi
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  2. David E. Kandzari
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  3. Gregory W. Barsness
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shahar Lavi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, First Street SW., 200, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota, USA

    Gregory W. Barsness

  2. Div. Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Mary's Hospital, Rochester, 55905, Minnesota, USA

    David R. Holmes

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© 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited

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Lavi, S., Kandzari, D.E., Barsness, G.W. (2012). Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Refractory Angina. In: Barsness, G., Holmes, D. (eds) Coronary Artery Disease. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-712-1_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-712-1_1

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