Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism for intracellular degradation of cytoplasmic components including macromolecules and organelles. It has been shown to be involved in a large number of physiological and pathological processes. Studies have recently uncovered an important role of autophagy in the process of adipogenesis. In addition, some interesting correlations between autophagy activity and adipose functions have been made. This chapter explores the roles autophagy plays in adipocytes, detailing the core machinery of autophagy and highlighting what is currently understood about the functions of autophagy in differentiating and mature white adipocytes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Nakagawa I, et al. Autophagy defends cells against invading group A Streptococcus. Science. 2004;306:1037.
Paludan C, et al. Endogenous MHC class II processing of a viral nuclear antigen after autophagy. Science. 2005;307:593.
Klionsky DJ. Autophagy: from phenomenology to molecular understanding in less than a decade. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8:931.
Yue ZY, Jin SK, Yang CW, Levine AJ, Heintz N. Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:15077.
Tsujimoto Y, Shimizu S. Another way to die: autophagic programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2005;12:1528.
Penka M, et al. [Essential thrombocytemia and other myeloproliferations with thrombocytemia in the data of the register of patients treated with Thromboreductin till the end of 2006]. Vnitr Lek. 2007;53:653.
Kissova I, et al. Selective and non-selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria in yeast. Autophagy. 2007;3:329.
Cuervo AM, et al. Autophagy and aging: the importance of maintaining “clean” cells. Autophagy. 2005;1:131.
Kroemer G, Marino G, Levine B. Autophagy and the integrated stress response. Mol Cell. 2010;40:280.
Rubinszfein DC, et al. Autophagy and its possible roles in nervous system diseases, damage and repair. Autophagy. 2005;1:11.
Mizushima N, Levine B. Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:823.
Tsukada M, Ohsumi Y. Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett. 1993;333:169.
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ. Eaten alive: a history of macroautophagy. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:814.
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y. The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011;27:107.
Kamada Y, et al. Tor directly controls the Atg1 kinase complex to regulate autophagy. Mol Cell Biol. 2010;30:1049.
Pattingre S, Espert L, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Codogno P. Regulation of macroautophagy by mTOR and Beclin 1 complexes. Biochimie. 2008;90:313.
Efeyan A, Sabatini DM. mTOR and cancer: many loops in one pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22:169.
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ. Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22:124.
He C, Levine B. The Beclin 1 interactome. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22:140.
Axe EL, et al. Autophagosome formation from membrane compartments enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 2008;182:685.
Polson HE, et al. Mammalian Atg18 (WIPI2) localizes to omegasome-anchored phagophores and positively regulates LC3 lipidation. Autophagy. 2010;6:506.
Tooze SA, Yoshimori T. The origin of the autophagosomal membrane. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:831.
Xie Z, Nair U, Klionsky DJ. Dissecting autophagosome formation: the missing pieces. Autophagy. 2008;4:920.
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ. An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;335:1.
Klionsky DJ, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes. Autophagy. 2008;4:151.
Huang WP, Scott SV, Kim J, Klionsky DJ. The itinerary of a vesicle component, Aut7p/Cvt5p, terminates in the yeast vacuole via the autophagy/Cvt pathways. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:5845.
Noda T, et al. Apg9p/Cvt7p is an integral membrane protein required for transport vesicle formation in the Cvt and autophagy pathways. J Cell Biol. 2000;148:465.
Mortimore GE, Schworer CM. Induction of autophagy by amino-acid deprivation in perfused rat liver. Nature. 1977;270:174.
Schworer CM, Mortimore GE. Glucagon-induced autophagy and proteolysis in rat liver: mediation by selective deprivation of intracellular amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979;76:3169.
Surmacz CA, Poso AR, Mortimore GE. Regulation of lysosomal fusion during deprivation-induced autophagy in perfused rat liver. Biochem J. 1987;242:453.
Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell. 2008;132:27.
Mizushima N, Levine B, Cuervo AM, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature. 2008;451:1069.
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB. Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005;6:439.
Kalamidas SA, Kotoulas OB. Glycogen autophagy in newborn rat hepatocytes. Histol Histopathol. 2000;15:1011.
Clark Jr SL. Cellular differentiation in the kidneys of newborn mice studies with the electron microscope. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1957;3:349.
Novikoff AB. The proximal tubule cell in experimental hydronephrosis. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1959;6:136.
Ashford TP, Porter KR. Cytoplasmic components in hepatic cell lysosomes. J Cell Biol. 1962;12:198.
Lemasters JJ. Perspective—selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, as a targeted defense against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. Rejuvenation Res. 2005;8:3.
Narendra DP, et al. PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin. PLoS Biol. 2010;8:e1000298.
Jin SM, et al. Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates PINK1 import and proteolytic destabilization by PARL. J Cell Biol. 2010;191:933.
Narendra D, Tanaka A, Suen DF, Youle RJ. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J Cell Biol. 2008;183:795.
Chan NC, et al. Broad activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by Parkin is critical for mitophagy. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20:1726.
Geisler S, et al. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is dependent on VDAC1 and p62/SQSTM1. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:119.
Narendra D, Kane LA, Hauser DN, Fearnley IM, Youle RJ. p62/SQSTM1 is required for Parkin-induced mitochondrial clustering but not mitophagy; VDAC1 is dispensable for both. Autophagy. 2010;6:1090.
Tanaka A, et al. Proteasome and p97 mediate mitophagy and degradation of mitofusins induced by Parkin. J Cell Biol. 2010;191:1367.
Ding WX, et al. Linking of autophagy to ubiquitin-proteasome system is important for the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell viability. Am J Pathol. 2007;171:513.
Verfaillie T, Salazar M, Velasco G, Agostinis P. Linking ER stress to autophagy: potential implications for cancer therapy. Int J Cell Biol. 2010;2010:930509.
Qin L, Wang Z, Tao L, Wang Y. ER stress negatively regulates AKT/TSC/mTOR pathway to enhance autophagy. Autophagy. 2010;6:239.
Sakaki K, Wu J, Kaufman RJ. Protein kinase Ctheta is required for autophagy in response to stress in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:15370.
Ogata M, et al. Autophagy is activated for cell survival after endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26:9220.
Hotamisligil GS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease. Cell. 2010;140:900.
Leem J, Koh EH. Interaction between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum: implications for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:242984.
Scherz-Shouval R, Elazar Z. Regulation of autophagy by ROS: physiology and pathology. Trends Biochem Sci. 2011;36:30.
Huang J, Lam GY, Brumell JH. Autophagy signaling through reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;14:2215.
Scherz-Shouval R, et al. Reactive oxygen species are essential for autophagy and specifically regulate the activity of Atg4. EMBO J. 2007;26:1749.
Zhang H, et al. Oxidative stress induces parallel autophagy and mitochondria dysfunction in human glioma U251 cells. Toxicol Sci. 2009;110:376.
Byun YJ, et al. Hydrogen peroxide induces autophagic cell death in C6 glioma cells via BNIP3-mediated suppression of the mTOR pathway. Neurosci Lett. 2009;461:131.
Jain A, et al. p62/SQSTM1 is a target gene for transcription factor NRF2 and creates a positive feedback loop by inducing antioxidant response element-driven gene transcription. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:22576.
Komatsu M, et al. The selective autophagy substrate p62 activates the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 through inactivation of Keap1. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:213.
Lau A, et al. A noncanonical mechanism of Nrf2 activation by autophagy deficiency: direct interaction between Keap1 and p62. Mol Cell Biol. 2010;30:3275.
Cherra III SJ, Chu CT. Autophagy in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration: a question of balance. Future Neurol. 2008;3:309.
Bove J, Martinez-Vicente M, Vila M. Fighting neurodegeneration with rapamycin: mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:437.
Chen HY, White E. Role of autophagy in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4:973.
Orvedahl A, Levine B. Eating the enemy within: autophagy in infectious diseases. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16:57.
Heynen MJ, Tricot G, Verwilghen RL. Autophagy of mitochondria in rat bone marrow erythroid cells. Relation to nuclear extrusion. Cell Tissue Res. 1985;239:235.
Chen M, Sandoval H, Wang J. Selective mitochondrial autophagy during erythroid maturation. Autophagy. 2008;4:926.
Sandoval H, et al. Essential role for Nix in autophagic maturation of erythroid cells. Nature. 2008;454:232.
Schweers RL, et al. NIX is required for programmed mitochondrial clearance during reticulocyte maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:19500.
Zhang J, Ney PA. NIX induces mitochondrial autophagy in reticulocytes. Autophagy. 2008;4:354.
Pua HH, Guo J, Komatsu M, He YW. Autophagy is essential for mitochondrial clearance in mature T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2009;182:4046.
Bassnett S. On the mechanism of organelle degradation in the vertebrate lens. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88:133.
Friedman JM. Leptin at 14 y of age: an ongoing story. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:973s.
Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM. Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Nature. 2006;444:847.
Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:439.
Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2006;444:840.
Park KW, Halperin DS, Tontonoz P. Before they were fat: adipocyte progenitors. Cell Metab. 2008;8:454.
Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM. Molecular regulation of adipogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2000;16:145.
Agarwal AK, Garg A. A novel heterozygous mutation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:408.
Imai T, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is required in mature white and brown adipocytes for their survival in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:4543.
Novikoff AB, Novikoff PM, Rosen OM, Rubin CS. Organelle relationships in cultured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Cell Biol. 1980;87:180.
Zhang Y, et al. Adipose-specific deletion of autophagy-related gene 7 (atg7) in mice reveals a role in adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:19860.
Singh R, et al. Autophagy regulates adipose mass and differentiation in mice. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:3329.
Baerga R, Zhang Y, Chen PH, Goldman S, Jin S. Targeted deletion of autophagy-related 5 (atg5) impairs adipogenesis in a cellular model and in mice. Autophagy. 2009;5:1118.
Wilson-Fritch L, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling during adipogenesis and in response to the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23:1085.
Yoshizaki T, et al. Autophagy regulates inflammation in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;417:352.
Solomon VR, Lee H. Chloroquine and its analogs: a new promise of an old drug for effective and safe cancer therapies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;625:220.
Wasko MC, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and risk of diabetes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA. 2007;298:187.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goldman, S.G., Tao, H., Jin, S.‘. (2014). Autophagy in White Adipose Tissue. In: Fantuzzi, G., Braunschweig, C. (eds) Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and Disease. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-770-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-770-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-769-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-770-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)