Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Lymphoma

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Oncology ((CCO,volume 43))

Abstract

Although cutaneous lymphomas arising in skin are rare, they can be the cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The most common of the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are mycosis fungoides (MF) and its leukemic variant, Sézary syndrome (SS), followed by the CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. CTCLs are separated by T-cell markers and by clinical presentations and response to therapy. Early MF is treated with skin-directed therapies whereas refractory lesions need combination of skin therapy and biological response modifiers. Advanced MF responds to monotherapy with targeted therapies or chemotherapies, whereas Sezary patients often do well on photopheresis with skin therapy and biological response modifiers. In spite of new approved therapies for T-cell lymphomas of the skin, they remain challenging and uncurable at the current time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lamberg SI, Bunn Jr PA. Proceeding of the workshop on cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndromes). Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63:561–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Burg G, Kempf W, Cozzio A, Feit J, Willemze RS, Jaffe E, et al. WHO/EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas, histological and molecular aspects. J Cutan Pathol. 2005;32(10):647–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Olsen E, Vonderheid E, Pimpinelli N, Willemze R, Kim Y, Knobler R, et al. ISCL/EORTC Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood. 2007;110(6):1713–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Alibert JLM. Description des maladies de la peau observees a l’hopital St Louis 1991 1806; Barrois L’aine et Fils(1). Paris, France, p. 413–46.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kim YH, Liu HL, Mraz-Gernhard S, Verghese A, Hoppe RT. Long-term outcome of 525 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: clinical prognostic factors and risk for disease progression. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:857–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Diwan AH, Prieto VG, Herling M, Duvic M, Jones D. Primary Sézary syndrome commonly shows low-grade cytologic atypia and an absence of epidermotropism. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;123(4):510–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Campbell JJ, Clark RA, Watanabe R, Kupper TS. Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides arise from distinct T-cell subsets: a biologic rationale for their distinct clinical behaviors. Blood. 2010;116:767–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Van Doorn R, Van Kester M, Dijkman R, Vermeer MH, Mulder AA, Szuhai K, et al. Oncogenomic analysis of mycosis fungoides reveals major differences with Sezary syndrome. Blood. 2009;113:127–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Weinstock MA. Mycosis fungoides in the United States increasing incidence and descriptive epidemiology. JAMA. 1988;260(1):42–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Criscione VD, Weinstock MA. Incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973–2002. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(7):854–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sun G, Berthelot C, Li Y, Glass 2nd DA, George D, Pandya A, et al. Poor prognosis in non-Caucasian patients with early-onset mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;60(2):231–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yawalkar N, Ferenczi K, Jones DA, Yaanaka K, Suh K-Y, Sadat S, et al. Profound loss of T-cell receptor repertoire complexity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2003;102(12):4059–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Zoi-Toli O, Vermeer MH, De Vries E, Van Beek P, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Expression of Fas and Fas-ligand in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): association between lack of Fas expression and aggressive types of CTCL. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(2):313–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ni X, Hazarika P, Zhang C, Talpur R, Duvic M. Fas ligand expression by neoplastic T lymphocytes mediates elimination of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mycosis fungoides: a potential mechanism of tumor immune escape? Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(9): 2682–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ni X, Zhang C, Talpur R, Duvic M. Resistance to activation-induced cell death and bystander cytotoxicity via the Fas/Fas ligand pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124(4):741–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tan RS, Butterworth CM, McLaughlin H, Malka S, Samman PD. Mycosis fungoides—a disease of antigen persistence. Br J Dermatol. 1974;91(6):607–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kikuchi A, Ohata Y, Matsumoto H, Sugiura M, Nishikawa T. Anti-HTLV-1 antibody positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 1997;79:269–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Whittemore AS, Holly EA, Lee IM, Abel EA, Adams RM, Nickoloff BJ, et al. Mycosis fungoides in relation to environmental exposures and immune response: a case–control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989;81:1560–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jackow CM, Cather JC, Hearne V, Asano AT, Musser JM, Duvic M. Association of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, superantigen positive Staphylococcus aureus and oligoclonal T cell receptor VB gene expression. Blood. 1997;89:32–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Talpur R, Bassett R, Duvic M. Prevalence and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(1):105–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jackow CM, Breuer McHam J, Friss A, Alvea J, Reveille JR, Duvic M. HLA-DR5 and DQB1*03 Class II alleles are associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107:373–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bromley SK, Burack KG, Johnson K, et al. The immunological synapse. Annu Rev Immunol. 2001;19:375–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kim EJ, Hess S, Richardson SK, Newton S, Showe LC, Benoit BM, et al. Immunopathogenesis and therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(4):798–812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Drummer R, Kohl O, Gillisson J, et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells in non-leukemic cutaneous-cell lymphoma patients: reduced proliferation and preferential secretion of a T helper 2 like cytokine pattern, on stimulation. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:433–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Duvic M, Donato M, Dabaja B, Richmond H, Singh L, Wei W, et al. Total skin electron beam and non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in advanced mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(14):2365–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wood GS, Greenberg HL. Diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16:269–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mao X, Lillington D, Scarsbrick JJ, Mitchell T, Czepulkowsyi B, Russell-Jones RR, et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: identification of common genetic alterations in Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:464–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Scarisbrick J, Woolford A, Russell Jones R, Whittaker S. Allelotyping in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome common regions of allelic loss identified on 1p, 9p, 10q, and 17p. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:663–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Scarisbrick JJ, Woolford AJ, Russell-Jones R, Whittaker SJ. Loss of heterozygosity on 10q and microsatellite instability in advanced stages of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and possible association with homozygous deletion of PTEN. Blood. 2000;95: 2937–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Scarisbrick JJ, Mitchell TJ, Calonje E, Orchard G, Russell-Jones R, Whittaker SJ. Microsatellite instability is associated with hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene and reduced gene expression in mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(4):894–901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Duvic M. Systemic monotherapy vs combination therapy for CTCL: rationale and future strategies. Review. Oncology (Williston Park). 2007;21(2 Suppl 1):33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Duvic M, Foss FM. Mycosis fungoides: pathophysiology and emerging therapies. Semin Oncol. 2007;34(6 Suppl 5):S21–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Pimpinelli N, Olsen EA, Santucci M, Vonderheid E, Haeffner AC, Stevens S, et al. Defining early mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(6):1053–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Diamandidou E, Colome-Grimmer M, Fayad L, Duvic M, Kurzrock R. Transformation of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Blood. 1998;92(4):1150–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Diamandidou E, Colome M, Fayad L, Duvic M, Kurzrock R. Prognostic factor analysis in mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40(6 Pt 1):914–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kim YHW, Pimpinelli N, Whittaker S, Olsen EA, Ranki A, Dummer R, et al. TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood. 2007;110(2):479–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bunn Jr PA, Lamberg SI. Report of the Committee on Staging and Classification of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63:725–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Scarisbrick JJ, Whittaker S, Evans AV, Fraser-Andrews EA, Child FJ, Dean A. Prognostic significance of tumor burden in the blood of patients with erythrodermic primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2001;97:624–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Vidulich K, Bassett RL, Duvic M. Overall survival in erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: an analysis of prognostic factors in a cohort of patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(3):243–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pujol RM, Gallardo F, Llistosella E, Blanco A, Bernadó S, Bordes R, et al. Invisible mycosis fungoides: a diagnostic challenge. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(2):S168–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Scheffer E, Meijer CJLM, van Vloten WA. Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy and lymph node involvement in mycosis fungoides. Cancer. 1980;45:137–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sausville EA, Worsham GF, Matthews MJ, Makuch RW, Fischmann AB, Schechter GP, et al. Histologic assessment of lymph nodes in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma): clinical correlations and prognostic import of a new classification system. Hum Pathol. 1985;16:1098–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Clendenning WE, Rappaport HW. Report of the committee on pathology of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63:719–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Colby TV, Burke JS, Hoppe RT. Lymph node biopsy in mycosis fungoides. Cancer. 1981;47:351–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kinney MC, Jones D. Cutaneous T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas: the WHO-EORTC classification and the increasing recognition of specialized tumor types. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;127(5):670–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Berthelot C, Rivera A, Duvic M. Skin directed therapy for mycosis fungoides: a review. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7(7):655–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Horwitz SM, Duvic M, Porcu P, Kim YH. Review of the treatment of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a stage-based approach. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2008;6(4):436–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Trautinger F, Knobler R, Willemze R, Peris K, Stadler R, Laroche L, et al. EORTC consensus recommendations for the treatment of mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(8):1014–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kaye FJ, JrPA B, Steinberg SM, Stocker JL, Ihde DC, Fischmann AB, et al. A randomized trial comparing combination electron-beam radiation and chemotherapy with topical therapy in the initial treatment of mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(26):1784–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zelenetz AD, Advani RH, Byrd JC, Czuczman MS, Damon LE, Duvic M, et al. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2008;6(4):356–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Krathen RA, Ward S, Duvic M. Bexarotene is a new treatment option for lymphomatoid papulosis. Dermatology. 2003;206(2):142–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Apisarnthanarax N, Talpur R, Ward S, Ni X, Kim HW, Duvic M. Tazarotene 01 % gel for refractory mycosis fungoides lesions: an open-label pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(4):600–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Duvic M, Olsen EA, Omura GA, Maize JC, Vonderheid EC, Elmets CA, et al. A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of peldesine (BCX-34) cream as topical therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:940–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Farber EM, Zackheim HS, McClintock RP, et al. Treatment of mycosis fungoides with various strengths of fluocinolone acetonide cream. Arch Dermatol. 1968;97:165–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Farber EM, Cox AJ, Steinberg J, et al. Therapy of mycosis fungoides with topically applied fluocinolone acetonide under occlusive dressing. Cancer. 1966;19(2):237–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Cohen H, Baer R. Observations upon the use of topical triamcinolone acetonide preparations in various concentrations. Dermatologica. 1961;122:116–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zackheim HS, Kashani-Sabet M, Amin S. Topical corticosteroids for mycosis fungoides Experience in 79 patients. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(8):949–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Harrison A, Duvic M. Diagnosis and treatment of Sézary syndrome. Int J Dermatol. 2004;2(2).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Mrass P, Rendl M, Mildner M, et al. Retinoic acid increases the expression of p53 and proapoptotic caspases and sensitizes keratinocytes to apoptosis: a possible explanation for tumor preventive action of retinoids. Cancer Res. 2004;64(18):6542–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hurst RE. Bexarotene ligand pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2000;1(4):514–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Duvic M, Martin AG, Kim Y, Olsen E, Wood G, Crowley CA, et al. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trial of oral bexarotene (Targretin capsules) for the treatment of refractory or persistent early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(5):581–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Duvic M, Hymes K, Heald P, Martin AG, Myskowski P, Crowley C, et al. Bexarotene is effective and safe for the treatment of refractory advanced stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: multinational phase II-III trial results. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(9):2456–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Heald P, Mehlmauer M, Martin AG, Crowley CA, Yocum RC, Reich SD, et al. Topical bexarotene therapy for patients with refractory or persistent early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: results of the phase III clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(5):801–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kuzel T, Breneman D, Duvic M, et al. Phase I-II trial of Targretin gel in the topical treatment of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;114:830.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Lebwohl M, Poulin Y. Tazarotene in combination with topical corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(4 Pt 2):S139–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Weinstein GD, Krueger GG, Lowe NJ, Duvic M, Friedman DJ, Jegasothy BV, et al. Tazarotene gel, a new retinoid, for topical therapy of psoriasis: vehicle-controlled study of safety, efficacy and duration of therapeutic effect. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:85–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Shalita AR, Chalker DK, Griffith RF, Herbert AA, Hickman JG, Maloney JM, et al. Tazarotene gel is safe and effective in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter, double-blind, vehicle controlled study. Cutis. 1999;63:349–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sefton J, Kligman AM, Kopper SC, Lue JC, Gibson JR. Photodamage pilot study: a double-blind, vehicle controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of tazarotene 01 % gel. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:656–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Duvic M, Ni X, Talpur R, Herne K, Schulz C, Sui D, et al. Tazarotene-induced gene 3 is suppressed in basal cell carcinomas and reversed in vivo by tazarotene application. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(4):902–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bianchi L, Orlandi A, Campione E, Angeloni C, Costanzo A, Spagnoli LG, et al. Topical treatment of basal cell carcinoma with tazarotene: a clinicopathological study on a large series of cases. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(1):148–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Duvic M, Helekar B, Schulz C, Cho M, DiSepio D, Hager C, et al. Expression of a retinoid-inducible tumor suppressor, Tazarotene-inducible gene-3, is decreased in psoriasis and skin cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(8):3249–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Duvic M, Friedman-Kien AE, Looney DJ, Miles SA, Myskowski PL, Scadden DT, et al. Topical treatment of cutaneous lesions of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma using alitretinoin gel: results of phase 1 and 2 trials. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:1461–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bassiri-Tehrani S, Cohen DE. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with alitretinoin gel. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:104–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lain T, Talpur R, Duvic M. Long-term control of mycosis fungoides of the hands with topical bexarotene. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42(3):238–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Talpur R, Vu J, Bassett R, Stevens V, Duvic M. Phase I/II randomized bilateral half-head comparison of topical bexarotene 1 % gel for alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(4):592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zackheim HS. Cutaneous T, cell lymphoma: update of treatment. Dermatology. 1999;199:102–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Bunn Jr PA, Hoffman SJ, Norris D, Golitz LE, Aeling JL. Systemic therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome). Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(8):592–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ramsay DL, Halperin PS, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Topical mechlorethamine therapy for early stage mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19(4):684–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Vonderheid EC, Tan ET, Kantor AF, et al. Long-term efficacy, curative potential, and carcinogenicity of topical mechlorethamine chemotherapy in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:416–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hoppe RT, Abel EA, Deneau DG, et al. Mycosis fungoides: management with topical nitrogen mustard. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:1796–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hamminga L, Hermans J, Noordijk EM, et al. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: clinicopathological relationships, therapy and survival in ninety-two patients. Br J Dermatol. 1982;107:145–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kim YH, Martinez G, Varghese A, et al. Topical nitrogen mustard in the management of mycosis fungoides: update of the Stanford experience. Arch Dermatol. 2003;2003(139):165–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Duvic M, Apisarnthanarax N, Cohen DS, Smith TL, Ha CS, Kurzrock R. Analysis of long-term outcomes of combined modality therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(1):35–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Esteve E, Bagot M, Joly P, et al. A prospective study of cutaneous intolerance to topical mechlorethamine therapy in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas French Study Group of Cutaneous Lymphomas. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135(11):1349–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Zackheim HS. Treatment of mycosis fungoides with topical nitrosourea compounds. Arch Dermatol. 1972;106:177–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Zackheim HS, Epstein Jr EH, McNutt NS, et al. Topical carmustine (BCND) for mycosis fungoides and related disorders: a 10-year experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;9:363–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Zackheim HS, Epstein Jr EH, Crain WR. Topical carmustine (BCND) for cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a 15-year experience in 143 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:802–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Grekin DA, Zackheim HS, Epstein Jr EH. Topical chemotherapy of mycosis fungoides. Cutis. 1979;24:543–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Zackheim HS, Feldmann RJ, Lindsay C, et al. Percutaneous absorption of 1,3-bis (2chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea (BCND, carmustine) in mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol. 1977;97:65–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sigmundsdottir H, Johnston A, Gudjonsson JE, Bjarnason B, Valdimarsson H. Methotrexate markedly reduces the expression of vascular E-selectin, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen and the numbers of mononuclear leucocytes in psoriatic skin. Exp Dermatol. 2004;13(7):426–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Research USFaDACfDEa FDA Oncology Tools: product label details in conventional order for methotrexate http://wwwaccessdatafdagov/scripts/cder/onctools/labelscfm?GN=methotrexate. Accessed 28 Oct 2008.

  92. Zackheim HS, Kashani-Sabet M, Hwang ST. Low-dose methotrexate to treat erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: results in twenty-nine patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(4):626–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Zackheim HS, Kashani-Sabet M, McMillan A. Low-dose methotrexate to treat mycosis fungoides: a retrospective study in 69 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(5):873–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Tan AW, Giam YC. Lymphomatoid papulosis associated with recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2004;33(1):110–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Bekkenk MW, Kluin PM, Jansen PM, Meijer CJ, Willemze R. Lymphomatoid papulosis with a natural killer-cell phenotype. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145(2): 318–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Argyropoulos CL, Lamberg SI, Clendenning WE, Fischmann AB, Jegasothy B, Zackheim H, et al. Preliminary evaluation of 15 chemotherapeutic agents applied topically in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63:619–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Chatterjee DJ, Li WY, Koda RT. Effect of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of methotrexate and edatrexate through hairless mouse skin. Pharm Res. 1997;14(8):1058–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Demierre MF, Vachon L, Ho V, Sutton L, Cato A, Leyland-Jones B. Phase 1/2 pilot study of methotrexate-laurocapram topical gel for the treatment of patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:624–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Fam AG, Perez-Ordonez B, Imrie K. Primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(6):1546–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Baird RD, van Zyl-Smit RN, Dilke T, Scott SE, Rassam SM. Spontaneous remission of low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma following withdrawal of methotrexate in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: case report and review of the literature. Br J Haematol. 2002;118(2):567–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ruzicka T, Assmann T, Lebwohl M. Potential future dermatological indications for tacrolimus ointment. Eur J Dermatol. 2003;13:331–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Russell JJ. Topical tacrolimus: a new therapy for atopic dermatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66: 1899–902.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Poumaras CC, Liibbe J, Saurat JH. Staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis treatment with topical tacrolimus (Fk506). J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116(3):480–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Rallis E, Economidi A, Verros C, Papadakis P. Successful treatment of patch type mycosis fungoides with tacrolimus ointment 01 %. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(9):906–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Sauder DN. Immunomodulatory and pharmacologic properties of imiquimod. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:S6–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kim YH, Girardi M, Duvic M, Kuzel T, Link BK, Pinter-Brown L, et al. Phase I trial of a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, PF-3512676 (CpG 7909) in patients with treatment-refractory CTCL. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(6):975–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Suchin KR, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Rook AH. Treatment of stage IA cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma with topical application of the immune response modifier imiquimod. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1137–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Deeths MJ, Chapman JT, Dellavalle RP, Zeng C, Aeling JL. Treatment of patch and plaque stage mycosis fungoides with imiquimod 5 % cream. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2):275–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Herrmann JJ, Roenigk Jr HH, Honigsmann H. Ultraviolet radiation for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;9(5):1077–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Ramsay DL, Lish KM, Yalowitz CB, Soter NA. Ultraviolet B phototherapy for early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128(7):931–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Apisarnthanarax N, Talpur R, Duvic M. Treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma: current status and future directions. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:193–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Clark C, Dawe RS, Evans AT, Lowe G, Ferguson J. Narrowband TL-01 phototherapy for patch-stage mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(6):748–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Mang R, Krutmann J. UVA-I Phototherapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2005;21(2):103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Gruner S, Hofmann T, Meffert H, Sönnichsen N. Studies on the effects of a high dose UVA-1 radiation therapy on surface markers and function of epidermal Langerhans cells. Arch Dermatol Res. 1993;285(5):283–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Duthie MS, Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Norval M. Differential effects of UVA1 and UVB radiation on Langerhans cell migration in mice. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2000;57(2–3):123–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Krutmann J, Schopf E. High-dose-UVA1 phototherapy: a novel and highly effective approach for the treatment of acute exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992;176:120–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Plettenberg R, Stege R, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, Hosokawa Y, Tsuji T, et al. Ultraviolet A1(340–400 nm) phototherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41(1):47–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Garcia-Zuazaga J, Cooper KD, Baron ED. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: current concepts in the treatment of skin cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2005;5(5):791–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Coors EA, von don Driesch P. Topical photodynamic therapy for patients with therapy-resistant lesions of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(3):363–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ibbotson SH. Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of skin conditions other than non-melanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(2):178–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Orenstein A, Haik J, Tamir J, Winkler E, Trau H, Malik Z, et al. Photodynamic therapy of cutaneous lymphoma using 5-aminolevulinic acid topical application. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26(8):765–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Nisticò S, Costanzo A, Saraceno R, Chimenti S. Efficacy of monochromatic excimer laser radiation (308 nm) in the treatment of early stage mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(4):877–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Passeron T, Zakaria W, Ostovari N, Perrin C, Larrouy JC, Lacour JP, et al. Efficacy of the 308-nm excimer laser in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(10):1291–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Jones GW, Hoppe RT, Glatstein E. Electron beam treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;9(5):1057–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hoppe RT, Cox RS, Fuks Z, Price NM, Bagshaw MA, Farber EM. Electron beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: the Stanford University experience. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63:691–700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Tadros AA, Tepperman BS, Hryniuk WM, Peters VG, Rosenthal D, Roberts JT, et al. Total skin electron irradiation for mycosis fungoides: failure analysis and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983;9(9):1279–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Nisce LZ, Safai B. Once weekly total-skin electron beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: 7 years’ experience. Cancer. 1981;47(5):870–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Chinn D. Total skin electron beam therapy with or without adjuvant topical nitrogen mustard or nitrogen mustard alone as initial treatment of T2 and T3 mycosis fungoides. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43(5):951–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Wilson LD, Jones GW, Kim D, Rosenthal D, Christensen IR, Edelson RL, et al. Experience with total skin electron beam therapy in combination with extracorporeal photopheresis in the management of patients with erythrodermic (T4) mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(1 Pt 1):54–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Price NM. Radiation dermatitis following electron beam therapy: an evaluation of patients ten years after total skin irradiation for mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114(1):63–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Vowels BR, Lessin SR, Cassin M, Jaworsky C, Benoit B, Wolfe JT, et al. Th2 cytokine mRNA expression in skin in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;103:669–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Duvic M, Sherman ML, Wood GS, Kuzel TM, Olsen E, Foss F, et al. A phase II open-label study of recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with stage IA, IB, or IIA mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(5):807–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Rook AH, Kubin M, Cassin M, Vonderheid EC, Vowels BR, Wolfe JT, et al. IL-12 reverses cytokine and immune abnormalities in Sézary syndrome. J Immunol. 1995;154(3):1491–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Zhang C, Hazarika P, Ni X, Weidner DA, Duvic M. Induction of apoptosis by bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells: relevance to mechanism of therapeutic action. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1234–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Richardson SK, Lin JH, Vittorio CC, Kim EJ, Yoon JS, Junkins-Hopkins J, et al. High clinical response rate with multimodality immunomodulatory therapy for Sezary syndrome. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2006;7(3):226–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Kuzel T, Roenigk HJ, Samuelson E, Herrmann JJ, Hurria A, Rademaker AW, et al. Effectiveness of interferon alfa-2a combined with phototherapy for mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:257–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Roenigk HJ, Kuzel T, Skoutelis A, Springer E, Yu G, Caro W, et al. Photochemotherapy alone or combined with interferon alpha-2a in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 1990;95:198S–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Mostow E, Neckel S, Oberhelman L, Anderson TF, Cooper KD. Complete remissions in psoralen and UV-A (PUVA)-refractory mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with combined interferon alfa and PUVA. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:747.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Olsen E, Bunn PA. Interferon in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;9:1089–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kuzel T, Roenigk HJ, Samuelson E, Rosen ST. Suppression of anti-interferon alpha-2a antibody formation in patients with mycosis fungoides by exposure to long-wave UV radiation in the a range and methoxsalen ingestion. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:119–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Braather LR. Interferon alfa 2a combined with etretinate: effective in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. Retinoids Today Tomorrow. 1987;9:17–9.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Knobler RM, Trautinger F, Radaszkiewicz T, Kokoschka EM, Micksche M. Treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma with a combination of low-dose interferon alfa-2b and retinoids. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24(2 Pt 1):247–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Altomare GF, Capella GL, Pigatto PD, Finzi AF. Intramuscular low dose alpha-2B interferon and etretinate for treatment of mycosis fungoides. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32(2):138–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Straus DJ, Duvic M, Kuzel T, Horwitz S, Demierre MF, Myskowski P, et al. Results of a phase II trial of oral bexarotene (Targretin) combined with interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A) for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2007;109(9):1799–803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Avilés A, Guzman R, Garcia EL, Diaz-Maqueo JC. Biological modifiers (etretinate (changed from etetrinate) and alfa 2a) in the treatment of refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 1996;11(1):21–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Von Hoff DD, Dahlberg S, Hartstock RJ, Eyre HJ. Activity of fludarabine monophosphate in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82(16):1353–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Scheulen ME, Ohl S, Bamberg M, Goos M. Treatment of mycosis fungoides by recombinant leukocyte alpha-A interferon and vinblastine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1986;111:S40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Foss FM, Ihde DC, Breneman DL, Phelps RM, Fischmann AB, Schechter GP, et al. Phase II study of pentostatin and intermittent high-dose recombinant interferon alfa-2a in advanced mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10(12):1907–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Cummings FJ, Kim K, Neiman RS, Comis RL, Oken MM, Weitzman SA, et al. Phase II trial of pentostatin in refractory lymphomas and cutaneous T-cell disease. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(4):565–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Greiner D, Olsen EA, Petroni G. Pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin) in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36(6 Pt 1):950–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Tsimberidou AM, Giles F, Duvic M, Fayad L, Kurzrock R. Phase II study of pentostatin in advanced T-cell lymphoid malignancies: update of an MD Anderson Cancer Center series. Cancer. 2004;100(2):342–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Monfardini S, Sorio R, Cavalli F, Cerny TH, Van Glabbeke M, Kaye S, et al. Pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin, dCF) in patients with low-grade (B-T-cell) and intermediate- and high-grade (T-cell) malignant lymphomas: phase II study of the EORTC Early Clinical Trials Group. Oncology. 1996;53(2):163–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Ho AD, Suciu S, Stryckmans P, De Cataldo F, Willemze R, Thaler J, et al. Pentostatin in T-cell malignancies—a phase II trial of the EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(12):1493–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Dearden C, Matutes E, Catovsky D. Pentostatin treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 2000;14(6 Suppl 2):37–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Jumbou O, N’Guyen JM, Tessier MH, Legoux B, Dreno B. Long-term follow-up in 51 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome treated by interferon-alfa. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140(3):427–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Olsen EA, Rosen ST, Vollmer RT, Variakojis D, Roenigk Jr HH, Diab N, et al. Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:395–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Kaplan EH, Rosen ST, Norris DB, Roenigk Jr HH, Saks SR, Bunn Jr PA. Phase II study of recombinant human interferon gamma for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82(3):208–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Horikoshi T, Onodera H, Eguchi H, Hanada N, Fukuzawa K, Takahashi M, et al. A patient with plaque-stage mycosis fungoides has successfully been treated with long-term administration of IFN-gamma and has been in complete remission for more than 6 years. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134(1):130–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Rook AH, Suchin KR, Kao DMF. Photopheresis: clinical application and mechanism of action. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1999;4:85–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Gardner JM, Introcaso CE, Nasta SD, Kim EJ, Vittorio CC, Rook AH. A novel regimen of vorinostat with interferon gamma for refractory Sézary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(1):112–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Raphael BA, Shin DB, Suchin KR, Morrissey KA, Vittorio CC, Kim EJ, et al. High clinical response rate of Sezary syndrome to immunomodulatory therapies: prognostic markers of response. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(12):1410–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Zinzani PL, Mazza P, Gherlinzoni F. Beta interferon in the treatment of mycosis fungoides. Haematologica. 1988;73(6):547–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Koh LK, Greenspan FS, Yeo PP. Interferon-alpha induced thyroid dysfunction: three clinical presentations and a review of the literature. Thyroid. 1997;7(6):891–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Vowels BR, Cassin M, Vonderheid EC, Rook AH. Aberrant cytokine production by Sézary syndrome patients: cytokine secretion pattern resembles murine Th2 cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;99(1):90–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Gately MK, Wolitzky AG, Quinn PM, Chizzonite R. Regulation of human cytolytic lymphocyte responses by interleukin-12. Cell Immunol. 1992;143(2):127–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Rook AH, Wood GS, Yoo EK, Elenitsas R, Kao DM, Sherman ML, et al. Interleukin-12 therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma induces lesion regression and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Blood. 1999;94:902–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Gollob JA, Mier JW, Veenstra K, McDermott DF, Clancy D, Clancy M, et al. Phase I trial of twice-weekly intravenous interleukin 12 in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer or malignant melanoma: ability to maintain IFN-gamma induction is associated with clinical response. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:1678–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Wang KS, Zorn E, Ritz J. Specific down-regulation of interleukin-12 signaling through induction of phospho-STAT4 protein degradation. Blood. 2001;97:3860–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Zaki MH, Wysocka M, Everetts SE, Wang KS, French LE, Ritz J, et al. Synergistic enhancement of cell-mediated immunity by interleukin-12 plus interleukin-2: basis for therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118(2):366–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Thomsen K, Molin L, Volden G, Lange Wantzin G, Hellbe L. 13-cis-retinoic acid effective in mycosis fungoides A report from the Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Group. Acta Derm Venereol. 1984;64(6):563–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Claudy AL, Rouchouse B, Boucheron S, Le Petit JC. Treatment of cutaneous lymphoma with etretinate. Br J Dermatol. 1983;109(1):49–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Molin L, Thomsen K, Volden G, Aronsson A, Hammar H, Hellbe L, et al. Oral retinoids in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a comparison of isotretinoin and etretinate a study from the Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Group. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987;67(3):232–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Kessler JF, Jones SE, Levine N, Lynch PJ, Booth AR, Meyskens Jr FL. Isotretinoin and cutaneous helper T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). Arch Dermatol. 1987;123(2):201–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Suchin KR, Cucchiara AJ, Gottleib SL, Wolfe JT, DeNardo BJ, Macey WH, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with combined immunomodulatory therapy: a 14-year experience at a single institution. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1054–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Lim HW, Harris HR. Etretinate as an effective adjunctive therapy for recalcitrant palmar/plantar hyperkeratosis in patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T cell lymphoma undergoing photopheresis. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21(7):597–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Duvic M, Lemak NA, Redman JR, Eifel PJ, Tucker SL, Cabanillas FF, et al. Combined modality therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(6):1022–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Boehm MF, Zhang L, Badea BA, White SK, Mais DE, Berger E, et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel retinoid X receptor-selective retinoids. J Med Chem. 1994;37(18):2930–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Richardson SK, Newton SB, Bach TL, Budgin JB, Benoit BM, Lin JH, et al. Bexarotene blunts malignant T-cell chemotaxis in Sezary syndrome: reduction of chemokine receptor 4-positive lymphocytes and decreased chemotaxis to thymus and activation-regulated chemokine. Am J Hematol. 2007;82(9):792–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Talpur R, Ward S, Apisarnthanarax N, Breuer-Mcham J, Duvic M. Optimizing bexarotene therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(5):672–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Keun YK, Woodruff R, Sangueza O. Response of CD30+ large cell lymphoma of skin to bexarotene. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43(5):1153–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Sherman SI, Gopal J, Haugen BR, Chiu AC, Whaley K, Nowlakha P, et al. Central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective ligands. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(14):1075–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Marks PA, Dokmanovic M. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: discovery and development as anticancer agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2005;14(12):1497–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Duvic M, Talpur R, Ni X, Zhang C, Hazarika P, Kelly C, et al. Phase II trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood. 2007;109(1):31–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Duvic M, Zhang C. Clinical and laboratory experience of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2006;95 Suppl 1Suppl 1:S13–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Rangwala S, Duvic M, Zhang C. Trends in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma—critical evaluation and perspectives on vorinostat. Blood Lymp Cancer Targets Ther. 2012;2021(2):17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  186. De Ruijter AJ, van Gennip AH, Caron HN, Kemp S, van Kuilenburg AB. Histone deacetylases (HDACs): characterization of the classical HDAC family. Biochem J. 2003;370(Pt 3):737–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Gregoretti IV, Lee YM, Goodson HV. Molecular evolution of the histone deacetylase family: functional implications of phylogenetic analysis. J Mol Biol. 2004;338:17–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Sakajiri S, Kumagai T, Kawamata N, Saitoh T, Said JW, Koeffler HP. Histone deacetylase inhibitors profoundly decrease proliferation of human lymphoid cancer cell lines. Exp Hematol. 2005;33(1):53–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Kelly W, Richon VM, O’Connor O, Curley T, MacGregor-Curtelli B, Tong W, et al. Phase I clinical trial of histone deacetylase inhibitor: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid administered intravenously. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(10 Pt 1):3578–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Butler L, Liapis MV, Bouralexis S, Welldon K, Hay S, le Thai M, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, overcomes resistance of human breast cancer cells to Apo2L/TRAIL. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(4):944–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Lakshmikanthan V, Kaddour-Djebbar I, Lewis RW, Kumar MV. SAHA-sensitized prostate cancer cells to TNF alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL): mechanisms leading to synergistic apoptosis. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(1):221–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Glaser KB. HDAC inhibitors: clinical update and mechanism-based potential. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007;74(5):659–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Garcia-Manero G, Yang H, Bueso-Ramos C, Ferrajoli A, Cortes J, Wierda WG, et al. Phase 1 study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA]) in patients with advanced leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2008;111(3):1060–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Vrana JA, Decker RH, Johnson CR, Wang Z, Jarvis WD, Richon VM, et al. Induction of apoptosis in U937 human leukemia cells by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) proceeds through pathways that are regulated by Bcl-2/Bcl-XL, c-Jun, and p21CIP1, but independent of p53. Oncogene. 1999;18:7016–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. O’Connor OA. Clinical experience with the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) in patients with relapsed lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2006;95:S7–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Piekarz RL, Robey RW, Zhan Z, Kayastha G, Sayah A, Abdeldaim AH, et al. T-cell lymphoma as a model for the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy: impact of depsipeptide on molecular markers, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of resistance. Blood. 2004;103(12):4636–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Marks PA, Jiang X. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in programmed cell death and cancer therapy. Cell Cycle. 2005;4:549–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Tiffon C, Adams J, van der Fits L, Wen S, Townsend P, Ganesan A, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitors vorinostat and romidepsin downmodulate IL-10 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;162(7):1590–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Kelly WK, O’Connor OA, Krug LM, Chiao JH, Heaney M, Curley T, et al. Phase I study of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(17):3923–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Olsen E, Kim YH, Kuzel T, Pacheco TR, Foss FM, Parker S, et al. A Phase IIb multicenter trial of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) in patients with persistent, progressive, or treatment refractory mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(21):3109–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Mann BS, Johnson JR, He K, Sridhara R, Abraham S, Booth BP, et al. Vorinostat for treatment of cutaneous manifestations of advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2318–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Kim YH, Reddy S, Kim EJ, Rook AH, Lerner A, Demierre M, Duvic M, Whittaker S, Robak T, Becker JC, McCulloch W, Prentice AG. Romidepsin (depsipeptide) induces clinically significant responses in treatment-refractory CTCL: an international study. Blood. 2007;110(Abst 123).

    Google Scholar 

  203. Whittaker SJ, Demierre MF, Kim EJ, Rook AH, Lerner A, Duvic M, et al. Final results from a multicenter, international, pivotal study of romidepsin in refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(29):4485–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Piekarz RL, Frye R, Turner M, Wright JJ, Allen SL, Kirschbaum MH, et al. Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(32):5410–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Piekarz RL, Frye R, Prince HM, Kirschbaum MH, Zain J, Allen SL, et al. Phase 2 trial of romidepsin in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117(22):5827–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Marcellus DC, Vogelsang GB. Chronic graft-versus host disease. In: Ball DLJ, Law P, editors. Hematopoietic stem cell therapy. Oxford: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 614–24.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Lazarus HM, Vogelsang GB, Rowe lM. Prevention and treatment of acute GVHD: the old and the new a report from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology group (BCOG). Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;19:577–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Edelson RL, Berger CL, Gasparro FP, Jegasothy B, Heald P, Wintroub B, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. N Eng J Med. 1987;316:297–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Pathak MA, Daniels F, Fitzpatrick TB. The presently known distributions of furocoumarins (psoralens) in plants. J Invest Dermatol. 1962;39:225–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Bladon J, Taylor PC. ECP induces apoptosis in the lymphocytes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and GVHD patients. Br J Haematol. 1999;107:707–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Ben-Nun A, Wekerle H, Cohen IR. Vaccination against autoimmune encephalomyelitis with T lymphocyte line cells reactive against myelin basic protein. Nature. 1981;292:60–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Yoo EK, Elonitsas R, Gasparro FP. Apoptosis induction by ultraviolet light A and photochemotherapy in coetaneous T-cell lymphoma: relevance to mechanism of therapeutic action. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107:235–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Tambur AR, Ortegel JW, Morales A. Extracorporeal photopheresis induces lymphocyte but not monocyte apoptosis. Transplant Proc. 2000;32:747–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Albert ML, Sauter B, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLS. Nature. 1998;392:86–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Gatza E, Rogers CE, Clouthier SG, Lowler KP, Tawara I, Liu C, et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis reverses experimental graft-versus-host disease through regulatory T cells. Blood. 2008;112(4):1515–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Perseghin P. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy as a challenging treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, organ rejection and T-lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune diseases. Transfus Med Hemother. 2008;35:8–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Arulogun S, Prince HM, Gambell P, Lade S, Ryan G, Eaton E, et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of Sézary syndrome using a novel treatment protocol. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59: 589–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Lim HW, Edelson RL. Photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;9(5):1117–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Bisaccia E, Gonzalez J, Palangio M, Schwartz J, Klainer AS. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy alone or with adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a 9-year retrospective study at a single institution. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:263–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Oziemski MA, Rockman SP, Marks DI, Green MD, Varigos GA, Fox RM. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Complexity of objective evaluation. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:814–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Koh HK, Davis BE, Meola T, Lim HW. Extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of 34 patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:567.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Heald PW, Perez MI, Christensen I, Dobbs N, McKiernan G, Edelson R. Photopheresis therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma: the Yale-New Haven Hospital experience. Yale J Biol Med. 1989;62:629–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Duvic M, Hester JP, Lemak NA. Photopheresis therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(4):573–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Zic J, Arzubiaga C, Salhany KE, Parker RA, Wilson D, Stricklin GP, et al. Extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:729–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Armus R, Keyes B, Cahill C, Berger C, Crater D, Scarborough D, et al. Photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:898–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Prinz B, Behrens W, Holzle E, Plewig G. Extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma—the Dusseldorf and Munich experience. Arch Dermatol Res. 1995;287:621–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Jiang SB, Dietz SB, Kim M, Lim HW. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a 97-year experience. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1999;15:161–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Vonderheid EC, Zhang Q, Lessin SR, Polansky M, Abrams JT, Bigler RD, et al. Use of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels to monitor the progression of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:207–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Owsianowski M, Garbe C, Ramaker J, Orfanos CE, Gollnick H. Therapeutische Erfahrungen mit der Extracorporalen Photopherese. Hautarzt. 1996;47:114–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Dall’Amico R, Zacchello G, Heald P. Applicazione della fotoferesis nella terapia di malattie oncologiche ed autiommuni (The application of photopheresis in the therapy of cancerous and autoimmune disease). Recenti Prog Med. 1991;82:294–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Crovetti G, Carabelli A, Berti E, Guizzardi M, Fossati S, De Filippo C, et al. Photopheresis in ­cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: five-year experience. Int J Artif Organs. 2000;23:55–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Konstantinow A, Balda B-R. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1997;9: 111–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. Russell-Jones R, Fraser-Andrews E, Spittle M, Whittaker S. Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome. Lancet. 1997;350(9081):886.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Stevens S, Bowen G, Duvic M, King LE, Knobler R, Lim HW, et al. Effectiveness of photopheresis in Sezary syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:995–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Edelson RL. Sézary syndrome, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and extracorporeal photopheresis. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:600–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Zic JA. The treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with photopheresis. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16:337–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Zic JA, Stricklin GP, Greer JP, Kinney MC, Shyr Y, Wilson DC, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:935–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Gollnick HP, Owsianowski M, Ramaker J, Chun SC, Orfanos CE. Extracorporeal photopheresis—a new approach for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1995;139:409–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Heald P, Rook A, Perez M, Wintroub B, Knobler R, Jegasothy B, et al. Treatment of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:427–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Gottlieb SL, Wolfe JT, Fox FE, DeNardo BJ, Macey WH, Bromley PG, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photopheresis monotherapy and in combination with recombinant interferon alfa: a 10-year experience at a single institution. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:946–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Fraser-Andrews ESP, Whittaker S, Russell-Jones R. Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome: no significant effect in the survival of 44 patients with a peripheral blood T-cell clone. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1001–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Vidulich K, Jones D, Duvic M. Cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma treated with radiation and denileukin diftitox. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2008;8(1):55–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. McKenna KE, Whittaker S, Rhodes LE, Taylor P, Lloyd J, Ibbotson S, et al. Evidence-based practice of photopheresis 1987–2001: a report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group and the UK Skin Lymphoma Group. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:7–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Demierre MF, Foss FM, Koh HK. Proceedings of the international consensus conference on cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) treatment recommendations. Boston, Massachusetts, Oct 1 and 2, 1994. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:460–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Girardi M, Knobler R, Edelson R. Selective immmunotherapy through extracorporeal photochemotherapy: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2003;17:1391–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Knobler R, Jantschitsch C. Extracorporeal photochemoimmunotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Transfus Apher Sci. 2003;28:81–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Stevens SR, Baron ED, Masten S, Cooper KD. Circulating CD4+CD7-lymphocyte burden and rapidity of response: predictors of outcome in the treatment of Sézary syndrome and erythrodermic mycosis fungoides with extracorporeal photopheresis. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1347–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Knobler E, Warmuth I, Cocco C, Miller B, Mackay J. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy—the Columbia presbyterian experience. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2002;18:232–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Miller JD, Kirkland EB, Domingo DS, Scull H, Jekutis B, Dallas M, et al. Review of extracorporeal photopheresis in early-stage (IA, IB, and IIA) cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007;23(5):163–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Duvic M, Chiao N, Talpur R. Extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Med Surg. 2003;7:3–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Di Renzo M, Rubegni P, De Aloe G, Paulesu L, Pasqui AL, Andreassi L, et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy restores Th1/Th2 imbalance in patients with early stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Immunology. 1997;92:99–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Child FJ, Mitchell TJ, Whittaker SJ, Scarisbrick JJ, Seed PT, Russell-Jones RA. Randomized cross-over study to compare PUVA and extracorporeal photopheresis in the treatment of plaque stage (T2) mycosis fungoides. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:231–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Wollina U, Liebold K, Kaatz M, Looks A, Stuhlert A, Lange D. Survival of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma after treatment with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Oncol Rep. 2000;7:1197–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Rubegni P, De Aloe G, Fimiani M. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in long-term treatment of early stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:894–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Wollina U, Looks A, Meyer J, Knopf B, Koch HJ, Liebold K, et al. Treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma stage II with interferon-alpha-2a and extracorporeal photochemotherapy: a prospective controlled trial. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;941:210–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Talpur R, Demierre MF, Geskin L, Baron E, Pugliese S, Eubank K, et al. Multicenter photopheresis intervention trial in early-stage mycosis fungoides. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia. 2011;11(2):219–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Rook AH, Prystowsky MB, Cassin M, Boufal M, Lessin SR. Combined therapy for Sézary syndrome with extracorporeal photochemotherapy and low-dose interferon alfa therapy Clinical, molecular, and immunologic observations. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127(10):1535–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Zackheim HS. Evidence is lacking for a synergistic or additive effect of combination extracorporeal photopheresis with interferon alfa for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(6):1087–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Wilson LD, Licata AL, Braverman IM, Edelson RL, Heald PW, Feldman AM, et al. Systemic chemotherapy and extracorporeal photochemotherapy for T3 and T4 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients who have achieved a complete response to total skin electron beam therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;32(4):987–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Quaglino P, Fierro MT, Rossotto GL, Savoia P, Bemengo MG. Treatment of advanced mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome with fludarabine and potential adjunctive benefit to subsequent extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(2):327–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Duvic M, Talpur R. Optimizing denileukin diftitox (Ontak) therapy. Future Oncol. 2008;4(4):457–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Olsen EA, Duvic M, Frankel A, Kim Y, Martin A, Vonderheid E, et al. Pivotal phase III trial of two dose levels of denileukin diftitox for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:376–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Duvic M, Cather J, Maize J, Frankel AE. DAB389IL2 diphtheria fusion toxin produces responses in tumor stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 1998;58:87–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Chin KM, Foss FM. Biologic correlates of response and survival in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with denileukin diftitox. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2006;7(3):199–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Foss F, Demierre MF, DiVenuti G. A phase-1 trial of bexarotene and denileukin diftitox in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2005;106(2):454–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Prince HM, Duvic M, Martin A, Sterry W, Assaf C, Sun YS, et al. Phase III placebo-controlled trial of denileukin diftitox for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(11):1870–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Foss FM. DAB(389)IL-2 (ONTAK): a novel fusion toxin therapy for lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma. 2000;1(2):110–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Foss FM, Bacha P, Osann KE, Demierre MF, Bell T, Kuzel T. Biological correlates of acute hypersensitivity events with DAB(389)IL-2 (denileukin diftitox, ONTAK) in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: decreased frequency and severity with steroid premedication. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2001;1(4):298–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Talpur R, Apisarnthanarax N, Ward S, Duvic M. Treatment of refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma with denileukin diftitox (ONTAK). Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43(1):121–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Lundin J, Hagberg H, Repp R, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Fredén S, Juliusson G, et al. Phase 2 study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Blood. 2003;101:4267–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Querfeld C, Mehta N, Rosen ST, Guitart J, Rademaker A, Geram P, et al. Alemtuzumab for relapsed and refractory erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a single institution experience from the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009;50(12):1969–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Kim YH, Duvic M, Obitz E, Gniadecki R, Iversen L, Osterborg A, et al. Clinical efficacy of zanolimumab (HuMax-CD4): two Phase II studies in refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007;109(11):4655–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Forero-Torres A, Bernstein SH, Gopal A, et al. SGN-30 (Anti-CD30 mAb) has a single-agent response rate of 21 % in patients with refractory or recurrent systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Blood. 2006;108:768a.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Duvic M, Reddy SA, Pinter-Brown L, Korman NJ, Zic J, Kennedy DA, et al. A phase II study of SGN-30 in cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma and related lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(19):6217–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Duvic M, Forero-Torres A, Foss F, Olsen EA, Kim Y, Bennett JC, et al. Oral Forodesine (BCX-1777) is clinically active in refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: results of a Phase I/II study. Blood. 2006;108(11):698a.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Bantia S, Ananth SL, Parker CD, Horn LL, Upshaw R. Mechanism of inhibition of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by PNP inhibitor-BCX-1777. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003;3:879–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Kicska GA, Long L, Horig H, Fairchild C, Tyler PC, Furneaux RH, et al. A powerful transition-state analog inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, selectively inhibits human T lymphocytes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:4593–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Nabhan C, Krett N, Gandhi V, Rosen S. Gemcitabine in hematologic malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol. 2001;13:514–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Zinzani PL, Magagnoli M, Bendandi M, Orcioni GF, Gherlinzoni F, Albertini P, et al. Therapy with gemcitabine in pretreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma patients. Ann Oncol. 1998;9(12):1351–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Sallah S, Wan JY, Nguyen NP. Treatment of refractory T-cell malignancies using gemcitabine. Br J Haematol. 2001;113(1):185–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Zinzani PL, Baliva G, Magagnoli M, Bendandi M, Modugno G, Gherlinzoni F, et al. Gemcitabine treatment in pretreated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: experience in 44 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(13):2603–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Marchi E, Alinari L, Tani M, Stefoni V, Pimpinelli N, Berti E, et al. Gemcitabine as frontline treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: phase II study of 32 patients. Cancer. 2005;104(11):2437–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Duvic M, Talpur R, Wen S, Kurzrock R, David CL, Apisarnthanarax N. Phase II evaluation of gemcitabine monotherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2006;7(1):51–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Grever MR, Bisaccia E, Scarborough DA, Metz EN, Neidhart JA. An investigation of 2′-deoxycoformycin in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 1983;61(2):279–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Foss FM. Activity of pentostatin (Nipent) in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: single-agent and combination studies. Semin Oncol. 2000;27(2 Suppl 5):58–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Kurzrock R, Pilat S, Duvic M. Pentostatin therapy of T-cell lymphomas with cutaneous manifestations. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(10):3117–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Grem JL, King SA, Chun HG, Grever MR. Cardiac complications observed in elderly patients following 2′deoxycoformycin therapy. Am J Hematol. 1991;38:245–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Wollina U, Graefe T, Kaatz M. Pegylated doxorubicin for primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a report on ten patients with follow-up. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;941:214–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Chanan-Khan AA, Lee K. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and immunomodulatory drug combinations in multiple myeloma: rationale and clinical experience. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2007;7 Suppl 4Suppl 4:S163–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Ryan DH, Bickers JN, Vial RH, Hussein K, Bottomley R, Hewlett JS, et al. Doxorubicin and ifosfamide combination chemotherapy in previously treated acute leukemia in adults: a Southwest Oncology Group pilot study. Cancer Treat Rep. 1980;64(8–9):869–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Gabizon AA. Selective tumor localization and improved therapeutic index of anthracyclines encapsulated in long-circulating liposomes. Cancer Res. 1992;52(4):891–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Wollina U, Dummer R, Brockmeyer NH, Konrad H, Busch JO, Kaatz M, et al. Multicenter study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2003;98(5): 993–1001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Winkelmann RK, Diaz Perez JL, Buechner SA. The treatment of Sézary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10:1000–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Tirelli U, Carbone A, Veronesi A, Galligioni E, Trovo MG, Tumolo S, et al. Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) in TNM-classified stage IV mycosis fungoides. Cancer Treat Rep. 1982;66(1):167–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Grozea PN, Jones SE, McKelvey EM, Coltman Jr CA, Fisher R, Haskins CL. Combination chemotherapy for mycosis fungoides: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979;63(4):647–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Hallahan DE, Griem ML, Griem SF, Medenica M, Soltan K, Lorincz AL, et al. Combined modality therapy for tumor stage mycosis fungoides: results of a 10-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6(7):1177–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Zakem MH, Davis BR, Adelstein DJ, Hines JD. Treatment of advanced stage mycosis fungoides with bleomycin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate with topical nitrogen mustard (BAM-M). Cancer. 1986;58:2611–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Sentis HJ, Willemze R, Van Vloten WA. Systemic polychemotherapy in patients with mycosis fungoides and lymph node involvement: a follow-up study of 17 patients. Acta Derm Venereol. 1985;65(2): 179–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Molina A, Zain J, Arber DA, Angelopolou M, O’Donnell M, Murata-Collins J, et al. Durable clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular remissions after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for refractory Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(25):6163–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Duarte RF, Schmitz N, Servitje O, Sureda A. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;41(7):597–604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St., Unit 1452, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Madeleine Duvic MD

Authors
  1. Madeleine Duvic MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Madeleine Duvic MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Holcombe Blvd. 1515, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA

    Anas Younes

  2. Service d'Hematologie, CHU Lyon-Sud, chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France

    Bertrand Coiffier

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duvic, M. (2013). Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome. In: Younes, A., Coiffier, B. (eds) Lymphoma. Current Clinical Oncology, vol 43. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-408-1_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-408-1_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-407-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-408-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation