Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Obesity and Stroke

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Stroke

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Key Points

  • Understand the detrimental effect of obesity prevalence in the USA.

  • Identify obesity as a risk factor for stroke due to its exacerbation of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome.

  • Understand how lowering the risk for obesity correlates with a lower risk for stroke.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body Mass Index

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CRP:

C-Reactive Protein

HDL:

High Density Lipoprotein

LDL:

Low Density Lipoprotein

RACE:

Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product

TNF:

Tumor Necrosis Factor

References

  1. Garabed E. Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874)—the average man and indices of obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:47–51.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998;6:51S.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Overweight and Obesity. National Center for Health Statistics, Health Data Interactive, http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html. Accessed 25 Mar 2012.

  4. Biggs ML, Mukamal KJ, Luchsinger JA, Ix JH, Carnethon MR, Newman AB, et al. Association between adiposity in midlife and older age and risk of diabetes in older adults. JAMA. 2010;303:2504–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Shai I, Jiang R, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Ethinicity, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a 20-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1585–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mendell MA, Patel P, Asante M, Ballam L, Morris J, Strachan DP, et al. Relation of serum cytokine concentrations to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease. Heart. 1997;78:273–7.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mendell MA, Patel P, Ballam L, Strachan D, Northfield TC. C-reactive protein and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors: a population based cross sectional study. BMJ. 1996;312:1061–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CDA, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. A potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:972–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Greenberg AS, Nordan RP, McIntosh J, Calvo JC, Scow RO, Jablons D. Interleukin 6 reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of mice in vivo and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a possible role for interleukin 6 in cancer cachexia. Cancer Res. 1992;52:4113–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Van Snick J. Interleukin-6: an overview. Annu Rev Immunol. 1990;8:253–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kawakami M, Pekala PH, Lane MD, Cerami A. Lipoprotein lipase suppression in 3T3-L1 cells by an endotoxin-induced mediator from exudate cells. Proc Natl Acad Set USA. 1982;82:912–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hardardottir I, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Effects of endotoxin and cytokines on lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5:207–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hotamisligil GS, Budavari A, Murray DL, Spiegelman BM. Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes: central role of tumor necrosis factor-α. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:1543–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM. IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-α and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science. 1996;271:665–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nguyen NT, Magno CP, Lane KT, Hinojosa MW, Lane JS. Association of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome with obesity: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207:928–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Howard BV, Ruotolo G, Robbins DC. Obesity and dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32:855–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Huang Z, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, et al. Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:81–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hall JE, Louis K. Dahl memorial lecture: renal and cardiovascular mechanisms of hypertension in obesity. Hypertension. 1994;23:381–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ahmed SB, Fisher ND, Stevanovic R, Hollenberg NK. Body mass index and angiotensin-dependent control of renal circulation in healthy humans. Hypertension. 2005;46:1316–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Does the new international diabetes federation definition of the metabolic syndrome predict CHD any more strongly than older definitions? Findings from the British women’s heart and health study. Diabetologia. 2006;49:41–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Meigs JB, Rutter MK, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, D’Agostino Sr RB, Wilson PW. Impact of insulin resistance on risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1219–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD, Burden AC, Morris A, Waugh NR, et al. Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23,000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003;46:760–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Paterson AD, Rutledge BN, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Crow RS. The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on resting heart rate in type 1 diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2107–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:917–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. JAMA. 2002;287:2570–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, et al. Glucose control and vascular complication in veterans with 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallee P, Touboul PJ. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review and up-to-date +meta-analysis. Stroke. 2004;35:2902–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Amarenco P. Hypercholesterolemia, lipid lowering agent and the risk of brain infarction. Neurology. 2001;57:S35–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hurt-Camejo E, Olsson U, Wiklund O, Bondjers G, Camejo G. Cellular consequences of association of apoB lipoproteins with proteoglycans. Potential contribution to atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1011–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Iuliano L, Mauriello A, Sbarigia E, Spagnoli LG, Violi F. Radiolabeled native low-density lipoprotein injected into patients with carotid stenosis accumulates in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaque: effect of vitamin E supplementation. Circulation. 2000;101:1249–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nickenig G, Sachinidis A, Michaelsen F, Böhm M, Seewald S, Vetter H. Upregulation of vascular angiotensin II receptor gene expression by low-density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation. 1997;95:473–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Uptodate [www.uptodate.com]. Waltham, MA: UptoDate; c1992–2012. Secondary prevention of stroke: Risk factor reduction; 7 Oct 2011 Available from: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/secondary-prevention-of-stroke-risk-factor-reduction?source=search_results&search=hypertension+stroke&selectedTitle=6%7E150. Accessed 25 Mar 2012.

  35. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Fiebach NH, Eberlein KA, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet. 1990;335:827–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Alexander RW. Hypertension and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and the mediation of arterial inflammatory response: a new perspective. Hypertension. 1995;25:155–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome; an American heart association/national heart, lung, and blood institute scientific statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lee CD, Jacobs Jr DR, Schreiner PJ, Iribarren C, Hankinson A. Abdominal obesity and coronary artery calcification in young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA). Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:48–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sjöström L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(26):2683–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Human Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A51, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

    Omer J. Deen M.D. & Sulieman Abdal Raheem M.D.

  2. Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A51, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

    Donald F. Kirby M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.N., F.A.C.G., A.G.A.F., C.N.S.C., C.P.N.S.

Authors
  1. Omer J. Deen M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sulieman Abdal Raheem M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Donald F. Kirby M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.N., F.A.C.G., A.G.A.F., C.N.S.C., C.P.N.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Nutrition Support Team, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA

    Mandy L. Corrigan

  2. , Nutrition Therapy, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. M17, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA

    Arlene A. Escuro

  3. Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. A51, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA

    Donald F. Kirby

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Deen, O.J., Raheem, S.A., Kirby, D.F. (2013). Obesity and Stroke. In: Corrigan, M., Escuro, A., Kirby, D. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Stroke. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-380-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-380-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-379-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-380-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation