Skip to main content

Early Childhood Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and its Effects on Allergy and Asthma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 2293 Accesses

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Tobacco use is one of the world’s leading public health concerns. Globally and domestically, active and passive smoking are associated with an array of deleterious health outcomes. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also referred to as passive smoke and second-hand smoke, exists in all countries and cultures and there is no level of exposure to ETS that is risk free [1]. Over 50 % of children worldwide are exposed to ETS in their homes while 60 % of US children between ages 3 and 11 years are exposed [1, 2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization. Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), Frequently asked questions about second hand smoke. http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html. Accessed 18 June 2011.

  3. Wang L, Pinkerton KE. Detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure during development on postnatal lung function and asthma. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2008;84(1):54–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H. Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(3):J258–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Henderson A. The effects of tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory health in school-aged children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2008;9(1):21–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Edwards K, Braun KM, Evans G, Sureka AO, Fan S. Mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke condensates suppress macrophage responsiveness to interferon gamma. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1999;18(4):233–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Willers S, Axmon A, Feyerabend C, Nielsen J, Skarping G, Skerfving S. Assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children with asthmatic symptoms by questionnaire and cotinine concentrations in plasma, saliva, and urine. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(7):715–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Braun JM, Daniels JL, Poole C, et al. A prospective cohort study of biomarkers of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure: the correlation between serum and meconium and their association with infant birth weight. Environ Health. 2010;9:53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G. Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31(1):14–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson TR, et al. Reference values for hair cotinine as a biomarker of active and passive smoking in women of reproductive age, pregnant women, children, and neonates: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29(4):437–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mannino DM, Caraballo R, Benowitz N, Repace J. Predictors of cotinine levels in US children: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Chest. 2001;120(3):718–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gehring U, Leaderer BP, Heinrich J, et al. Comparison of parental reports of smoking and residential air nicotine concentrations in children. Occup Environ Med. 2006;63(11):766–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ashley MJ, Ferrence R. Reducing children’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in homes: issues and strategies. Tob Control. 1998;7(1):61–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pirkle JL, Flegal KM, Bernert JT, Brody DJ, Etzel RA, Maurer KR. Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991. JAMA. 1996;275(16):1233–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jaddoe VW, Verburg BO, de Ridder MA, et al. Maternal smoking and fetal growth characteristics in different periods of pregnancy: the generation R study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(10):1207–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Carlsen KH, Lodrup Carlsen KC. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: clinical implications. Treat Respir Med. 2005;4(5):337–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  19. World Health Organization. Chronic respiratory disease, asthma: definition. http://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/definition/en/. Accessed 24 June 2011.

  20. Mayo Clinic. Asthma, Tests and diagnosis. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/asthma/DS00021/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis. Accessed 25 June 2011.

  21. Elias JA, Zhu Z, Chupp G, Homer RJ. Airway remodeling in asthma. J Clin Invest. 1999;104(8):1001–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sly PD, Holt PG. Role of innate immunity in the development of allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11(2):127–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Johansson SG, Lundahl J. Asthma, atopy, and IgE: what is the link? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001;1(2):89–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mayo Clinic. Asthma, Tests and diagnosis. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/asthma/DS00021/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis. Accessed 25 June 2011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Diseases and conditions index: asthma. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Asthma/Asthma_Diagnosis.html. Accessed 1 July 2011.

  26. Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH. Effects of maternal and early tobacco exposure on the development of asthma and airway hyperreactivity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;1(2):139–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking. 6. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case–control studies. Thorax. 1998;53(3):204–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Stein RT, Holberg CJ, Sherrill D, et al. Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life—The Tucson Children’s Respiratory study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(11):1030–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(3):133–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lewis S, Richards D, Bynner J, Butler N, Britton J. Prospective study of risk factors for early and persistent wheezing in childhood. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(3):349–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Li YF, Langholz B, Salam MT, Gilliland FD. Maternal and grandmaternal smoking patterns are associated with early childhood asthma. Chest. 2005;127(4):1232–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Radic SD, Gvozdenovic BS, Pesic IM, Zivkovic ZM, Skodric-Trifunovic V. Exposure to tobacco smoke among asthmatic children: parents’ smoking habits and level of education. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(2):276–80, i.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Tariq SM, Hakim EA, Matthews SM, Arshad SH. Influence of smoking on asthmatic symptoms and allergen sensitisation in early childhood. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76(901):694–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dezateux C, Stocks J, Wade AM, Dundas I, Fletcher ME. Airway function at one year: association with premorbid airway function, wheezing, and maternal smoking. Thorax. 2001;56(9):680–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Larsson ML, Magnuson A, Montgomery SM. Parental smoking and allergic sensitization in offspring defined by skin prick testing. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16(5):449–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, McConnell R, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function. Thorax. 2000;55(4):271–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Jaakkola JJK, Kosheleva AA, Katsnelson BA, Kuzmin SV, Privalova LI, Spengler JD. Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health in Russian children. Respir Res. 2006;7(1):48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Pattenden S, Antova T, Neuberger M, et al. Parental smoking and children’s respiratory health: independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure. Tob Control. 2006;15(4):294–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tanaka K, Miyake Y. Association between prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and allergies in young children. J Asthma. 2011;48(5):458–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wang X, Tager IB, Van Vunakis H, Speizer FE, Hanrahan JP. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, urine cotinine concentrations, and birth outcomes. A prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(5):978–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J, et al. A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy. 2001;56(9):813–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Prescott SL. Allergic disease: understanding how in utero events set the scene. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69(3):366–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mayo Clinic. Allergy skin tests. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/allergy-tests/MY00131/DSECTION=what-you-can-expect. Accessed 11 July 2011.

  44. Lannero E, Wickman M, van Hage M, Bergstrom A, Pershagen G, Nordvall L. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and sensitisation in children. Thorax. 2007;63(2):172–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Keil T, Lau S, Roll S, et al. Maternal smoking increases risk of allergic sensitization and wheezing only in children with allergic predisposition: longitudinal analysis from birth to 10 years. Allergy. 2009;64(3):445–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kulig M, Luck W, Lau S, et al. Effect of pre- and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure on specific sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 3 years of life. Multicenter Allergy Study Group, Germany. Allergy. 1999;54(3):220–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Burr ML, Merrett TG, Dunstan FD, Maguire MJ. The development of allergy in high-risk children. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27(11):1247–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jarvis D, Chinn S, Luczynska C, Burney P. The association of smoking with sensitization to common environmental allergens: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(5):934–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hansen K, Mangrio E, Lindstrom M, Rosvall M. Early exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and the development of allergic diseases in 4 year old children in Malmo, Sweden. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hancox R, Welch D, Poulton R, et al. Cigarette smoking and allergic sensitization: a 32-year population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(1):38–42.e33.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gold DR. Environmental tobacco smoke, indoor allergens, and childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108 Suppl 4:643–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking. 5. Parental smoking and allergic sensitisation in children. Thorax. 1998;53(2):117–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lindfors A, van Hage-Hamsten M, Rietz H, Wickman M, Nordvall SL. Influence of interaction of environmental risk factors and sensitization in young asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(4 Pt 1):755–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kramer U, Lemmen CH, Behrendt H, et al. The effect of environmental tobacco smoke on eczema and allergic sensitization in children. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(1):111–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kerkhof M, Wijga A, Smit HA, et al. The effect of prenatal exposure on total IgE at birth and sensitization at twelve months and four years of age: the PIAMA study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005;16(1):10–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kuyucu S, Saraclar Y, Tuncer A, et al. Determinants of atopic sensitization in Turkish school children: effects of pre- and post-natal events and maternal atopy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(1):62–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Noakes PS, Holt PG, Prescott SL. Maternal smoking in pregnancy alters neonatal cytokine responses. Allergy. 2003;58(10):1053–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Macaubas C, de Klerk NH, Holt BJ, et al. Association between antenatal cytokine production and the development of atopy and asthma at age 6 years. Lancet. 2003;362(9391):1192–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Holt PG, Strickland DH. Interactions between innate and adaptive immunity in asthma pathogenesis: new perspectives from studies on acute exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(5):963–72; quiz 964–73.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Averbeck M, Gebhardt C, Emmrich F, Treudler R, Simon JC. Immunologic principles of allergic disease. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2007;5(11):1015–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Holt BJ, et al. Transplacental priming of the human immune system to environmental allergens: universal skewing of initial T cell responses toward the Th2 cytokine profile. J Immunol. 1998;160(10):4730–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Smallacombe T, Holt BJ, Sly PD, Holt PG. Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children. Lancet. 1999;353(9148):196–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Martino D, Prescott S. Epigenetics and prenatal influences on asthma and allergic airways disease. Chest. 2011;139(3):640–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sherrill DL, Halonen M, Burrows B. Relationships between total serum IgE, atopy, and smoking: a twenty-year follow-up analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94(6 Pt 1):954–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Barbee RA, Halonen M, Lebowitz M, Burrows B. Distribution of IgE in a community population sample: correlations with age, sex, and allergen skin test reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981;68(2):106–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ericsson CH, Svartengren M, Mossberg B, Camner P. Bronchial reactivity, lung function, and serum immunoglobulin E in smoking-discordant monozygotic twins. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147(2):296–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Omenaas E, Bakke P, Elsayed S, Hanoa R, Gulsvik A. Total and specific serum IgE levels in adults: relationship to sex, age and environmental factors. Clin Exp Allergy. 1994;24(6):530–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sapigni T, Biavati P, Simoni M, et al. The Po River Delta Respiratory Epidemiological Survey: an analysis of factors related to level of total serum IgE. Eur Respir J. 1998;11(2):278–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Villar MT, Holgate ST. IgE, smoking and lung function. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995;25(3):206–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Holt PG. Immune and inflammatory function in cigarette smokers. Thorax. 1987;42(4):241–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Magnusson CG. Maternal smoking influences cord serum IgE and IgD levels and increases the risk for subsequent infant allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986;78(5 Pt 1):898–904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sinclair D, Peters SA. The predictive value of total serum IgE for a positive allergen specific IgE result. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(9):956–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gargano D, Romano C, Manguso F, Cutajar M, Altucci P, Astarita C. Relationship between total and allergen-specific IgE serum levels and presence of symptoms in farm workers sensitized to Tetranychus urticae. Allergy. 2002;57(11):1044–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sherrill DL, Stein R, Halonen M, Holberg CJ, Wright A, Martinez FD. Total serum IgE and its association with asthma symptoms and allergic sensitization among children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(1):28–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Sunyer J, Anto JM, Castellsague J, Soriano JB, Roca J. Total serum IgE is associated with asthma independently of specific IgE levels. The Spanish Group of the European Study of Asthma. Eur Respir J. 1996;9(9):1880–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Burrows B, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline MG. Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(5):271–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Tollerud DJ, O’Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Asthma, hay fever, and phlegm production associated with distinct patterns of allergy skin test reactivity, eosinophilia, and serum IgE levels. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144(4):776–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Dow L, Coggon D, Campbell MJ, Osmond C, Holgate ST. The interaction between immunoglobulin E and smoking in airflow obstruction in the elderly. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146(2):402–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Jensen EJ, Pedersen B, Schmidt E, Dahl R. Serum IgE in nonatopic smokers, nonsmokers, and recent exsmokers: relation to lung function, airway symptoms, and atopic predisposition. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90(2):224–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Miyake Y, Miyamoto S, Ohya Y, et al. Relationship between active and passive smoking and total serum IgE levels in Japanese women: baseline data from the Osaka maternal and child health study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;135(3):221–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wjst M, Heinrich J, Liu P, et al. Indoor factors and IgE levels in children. Allergy. 1994;49(9):766–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Halonen M, Stern D, Lyle S, Wright A, Taussig L, Martinez FD. Relationship of total serum IgE levels in cord and 9-month sera of infants. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991;21(2):235–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pinkerton KE, Joad JP. Influence of air pollution on respiratory health during perinatal development. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33(3):269–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M. Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children’s health. Pediatrics. 2004;113(4 Suppl):1007–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Tennant PW, Gibson GJ, Parker L, Pearce MS. Childhood respiratory illness and lung function at ages 14 and 50 years: childhood respiratory illness and lung function. Chest. 2010;137(1):146–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Li YF, Gilliland FD, Berhane K, et al. Effects of in utero and environmental tobacco smoke exposure on lung function in boys and girls with and without asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(6):2097–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Tager IB, Ngo L, Hanrahan JP. Maternal smoking during pregnancy. Effects on lung function during the first 18 months of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(3):977–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hole DJ, Watt GC, Davey-Smith G, Hart CL, Gillis CR, Hawthorne VM. Impaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population study. BMJ. 1996;313(7059):711–5; discussion 715–6.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Cook DG, Strachan DP, Carey IM. Health effects of passive smoking. 9. Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children. Thorax. 1998;53(10):884–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Moshammer H, Hoek G, Luttmann-Gibson H, et al. Parental smoking and lung function in children: an international study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(11):1255–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Young RP, Hopkins R, Eaton TE. Forced expiratory volume in one second: not just a lung function test but a marker of premature death from all causes. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(4):616–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dockery DW, Ware JH, Ferris Jr BG, et al. Distribution of forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity in healthy, white, adult never-smokers in six U.S. cities. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131(4):511–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lannero E, Wickman M, Pershagen G, Nordvall L. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of recurrent wheezing during the first years of life (BAMSE). Respir Res. 2006;7:3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Svanes C, Omenaas E, Jarvis D, Chinn S, Gulsvik A, Burney P. Parental smoking in childhood and adult obstructive lung disease: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Thorax. 2004;59(4):295–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. David GL, Koh WP, Lee HP, Yu MC, London SJ. Childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and chronic respiratory symptoms in non-smoking adults: The Singapore Chinese Health Study. Thorax. 2005;60(12):1052–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. de Marco R, Pattaro C, Locatelli F, Svanes C, Group ES. Influence of early life exposures on incidence and remission of asthma throughout life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(5):845–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Hu FB, Persky V, Flay BR, Richardson J. An epidemiological study of asthma prevalence and related factors among young adults. J Asthma. 1997;34(1):67–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Jenkins MA, Hopper JL, Bowes G, Carlin JB, Flander LB, Giles GG. Factors in childhood as predictors of asthma in adult life. BMJ. 1994;309(6947):90–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Larsson ML, Frisk M, Hallström J, Kiviloog J, Lundbäck B. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during childhood is associated with increased prevalence of asthma in adults. Chest. 2001;120(3):711–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Robbins AS, Abbey DE, Lebowitz MD. Passive smoking and chronic respiratory disease symptoms in non-smoking adults. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22(5):809–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(15):1414–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Strachan DP, Butland BK, Anderson HR. Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort. BMJ. 1996;312(7040):1195–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Upton MN, Watt GC, Davey Smith G, McConnachie A, Hart CL. Permanent effects of maternal smoking on offsprings’ lung function. Lancet. 1998;352(9126):453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Masi MA, Hanley JA, Ernst P, Becklake MR. Environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and lung function in young adults. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138(2):296–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hylkema MN, Blacquiere MJ. Intrauterine effects of maternal smoking on sensitization, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6(8):660–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Maritz GS, Harding R. Life-long programming implications of exposure to tobacco smoking and nicotine before and soon after birth: evidence for altered lung development. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(3):875–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Lovasi GS, Diez Roux AV, Hoffman EA, Kawut SM, Jacobs Jr DR, Barr RG. Association of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in childhood with early emphysema in adulthood among nonsmokers: the MESA-lung study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(1):54–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ. Effects of parental smoking and other risk factors on the development of pulmonary function in children and adolescents. Analysis of two longitudinal population studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128(3):589–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Landau LI. Tobacco smoke exposure and tracking of lung function into adult life. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2008;9(1):39–43; quiz 34–43.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Upton MN, Smith GD, McConnachie A, Hart CL, Watt GC. Maternal and personal cigarette smoking synergize to increase airflow limitation in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(4):479–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Gehrman CA, Hovell MF. Protecting children from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure: a critical review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003;5(3):289–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Carlsen K. Respiratory effects of tobacco smoking on infants and young children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2008;9(1):11–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juliana Pugmire .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pugmire, J., Watson, R.R. (2013). Early Childhood Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and its Effects on Allergy and Asthma. In: Watson, R., Grimble, G., Preedy, V., Zibadi, S. (eds) Nutrition in Infancy. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-224-7_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-224-7_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-223-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-224-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics