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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy pp 39–61Cite as

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes: The Future MSC-Based Therapy?

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Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

The ease of isolation from adult tissues, large ex vivo expansion capacity, and apparent therapeutic efficacy in a wide range of disease indications have made mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) the stem cell of choice for regenerative medicine. Clinical and animal studies have demonstrated that secreted trophic factors, and not stem cell differentiation, likely mediated much of the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. This paradigm shift in the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs has started to transform MSC therapy from a cell- to biologic-based therapy. Our group has identified the exosome, a secreted membrane vesicle, as an active therapeutic factor in MSC secretion. An exosome is thought to mediate cell to cell communication. It carries a large and varied protein cargo that could regulate a wide array of biochemical and cellular processes. These include enhancing glycolysis which increases not only cellular ATP production but also glycolytic intermediates for anabolic activities, inducing adenosine-mediated activation of survival kinases (e.g., ERK and AKT via CD73) and reducing complement activation through CD59. As these ­processes are fundamental, non-tissue specific processes in ameliorating tissue injury and promoting tissue repair, MSC exosomes could potentially underpin the therapeutic efficacy of MSC in diverse disease indications. This could transform present MSC-based therapies into MSC exosome-based therapies.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Kelvyn TEH Bao Ju (A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology), and Cheryl LIEW, Qian Yu NGEOW, and Jia Hui FOO (National Junior College, Singapore) for their help in analyzing the glycolytic activity of MSC exosomes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore

    Ruenn Chai Lai, Ronne Wee Yeh Yeo, Soon Sim Tan, Bin Zhang, Yijun Yin & Sai Kiang Lim

  2. Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore

    Ronne Wee Yeh Yeo

  3. School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

    Newman Siu Kwan Sze

  4. Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore

    Andre Choo

  5. Department of Surgery, YLL School of Medicine, Singapore, NUS, Singapore

    Sai Kiang Lim

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  1. Ruenn Chai Lai
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Correspondence to Sai Kiang Lim .

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    Lucas G. Chase

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    Mohan C. Vemuri

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Lai, R.C. et al. (2013). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes: The Future MSC-Based Therapy?. In: Chase, L., Vemuri, M. (eds) Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-200-1_3

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