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Primary Liver Cancer pp 161–175Cite as

Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Part of the book series: Clinical Gastroenterology ((CG))

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide and accounts for 80–90% of the cases of primary liver cancer. Although the majority of HCC cases are reported in the developing world, the incidence of HCC has been increasing in several developed countries, including the United States [1]. Globally, between 70% and 90% of cases of HCC are associated with a background of established cirrhosis. HCC can also occur in those without cirrhosis, usually in those with chronic infection with hepatitis B [2–4]. Overall, the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with a poor long-term survival [5]. However, small HCC tumors, often detected by surveillance, could qualify for curative treatments which are associated with a 5-year survival exceeding 50% [6–8].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul MD, Maarouf Hoteit MD & K. Rajender Reddy MD

  2. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    K. Rajender Reddy MD

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  1. Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul MD
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  2. Maarouf Hoteit MD
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  3. K. Rajender Reddy MD
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Correspondence to K. Rajender Reddy MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Center, Center for Liver Disease, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave. MC 7120, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA

    Nancy Reau

  2. , Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas, 621 Camden St, #202, San Antonio, 78215, Texas, USA

    Fred Poordad

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Bunchorntavakul, C., Hoteit, M., Reddy, K.R. (2012). Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Reau, N., Poordad, F. (eds) Primary Liver Cancer. Clinical Gastroenterology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-863-4_8

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