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Thyroid Cancer

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Book cover Biotargets of Cancer in Current Clinical Practice

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Pathology ((CCPATH))

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Abstract

Thyroid cancer (TC) is a rare disease that prevalently affects females (female/male ratio: 4/1). It accounted for 1.7% of new cancer cases worldwide in 2008, although this number is destined to increase due to the steep rise in the incidence of papillary forms of TC in the last few decades. TC includes several histotypes that can be divided into two groups according to the cell in which they originate: differentiated cancer (derived from the epithelial thyroid cell) and medullary cancer (derived from the parafollicular C cell). Anaplastic thyroid cancer, more frequently derived from a differentiated TC, is commonly considered separately due to its aggressive biological and clinical features. TCs are usually characterized by an excellent prognosis (most of all for differentiated cases), with a 10-year survival rate in excess of 90%. The appearance of distant metastasis is a very rare event. Doxorubicin was the only compound authorized by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic TCs until the approval of vandetanib in April 2011. In the last few years, new drugs, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have been extensively investigated in patients with advanced/metastatic TCs with remarkable results. Molecular biology studies have contributed to the discovery of molecular profiles and pathways involved in each TC histotype, defining the diagnostic and prognostic characteristics as well as driving the therapeutic choices in this modern era of target therapies. This chapter will be focused in particular on the description of biomarkers and tailored therapies in advanced TCs.

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  1. Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy

    Laura D. Locati M.D., Paolo Bossi M.D., Roberta Granata M.D. & Lisa Licitra M.D.

  2. Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy

    Angela Greco Ph.D. & Maria Grazia Borrello Ph.D.

  3. Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy

    Maria Luisa Carcangiu M.D.

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    Mauro Bologna

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Locati, L.D. et al. (2012). Thyroid Cancer. In: Bologna, M. (eds) Biotargets of Cancer in Current Clinical Practice. Current Clinical Pathology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-615-9_3

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