Find out how to access preview-only content
Sexual Assault Examination
- Deborah Rogers,
- B. Martina McBride
- … show all 2 hide
Purchase on Springer.com
$29.95 / €24.95 / £19.95 *
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
Abstract
Sexual assaults create significant health and legislative problems for every society. All health professionals who have the potential to encounter victims of sexual assaults should have some understanding of the acute and chronic health problems that may ensue from an assault. However, the primary clinical forensic assessment of complainants and suspects of sexual assault should only be conducted by doctors and nurses who have acquired specialist knowledge, skills, and attitudes during theoretical and practical training.
Page
%P
Look
Inside
Within this Chapter
- Introduction
- Basic Principles of the Medical Examination
- Basic Principles of the Forensic Analysis
- Skin
- Hair: Head and Pubic
- Nails
- Oral Cavity
- Female Genitalia
- Male Genitalia
- Perianal Area and Anal Canal
- Lubricants
- Blood and Urine Analysis
- Care of the Complainant
- References
- References
Other actions
Related Content
Supplementary Material (0)
References (234)
- Association of Forensic Providers body fluid forum (BFF). A U.K. and Irish Forensic Biology working group. The objectives of the forum are to identify best practice in the recovery, identification and interpretation of body fluid evidence and to raise the profile of such evidence within forensic science, policing and legal arenas. The BFF is a subgroup of the Association for Forensic Science Providers and provides this Board with regular progress reports. For contact addresses see ref. (13) below
- Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2008) The physical signs of child sexual abuse – an evidence-based review and guidance for best practice. RCPCH, London
- Adams JA, Kaplan RA, Starling SP, Mehta NH, Finkel MA, Botash AS, Kellog ND, Shapiro RA (2007) Guidelines for medical care of children who may have been sexually abused. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 20:163–172 CrossRef
- Adams JA (2008) Guidelines for medical care of children evaluated for suspected sexual abuse: an update for 2008. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 20:435–441 CrossRef
- Department of Health, Home Office, Association of Chief Police Officers (2009) Revised National Service Guide – a resource for developing sexual assault referralcentres. DH, London. Available at Website: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_107570. Accessed 14 Feb 2010
- General Medical Council (1996) Intimate examinations. GMC, London
- Faculty of Forensic and Legal (2008) Recommendations: consent from patients who may have been seriously assaulted. Available at Website: http://www.fflm.ac.uk. Accessed 2 Mar 2010
- Hicks DJ (1980) Rape: sexual assault. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137:931–935
- Evrard JR, Gold GM (1979) Epidemiology and management of sexual assault victims. Obstet Gynecol 53:381–387
- Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2010) Guidance for best practice for the management of intimate images that may become evidence in court 2010. Available at Website: http://www.fflm.ac.uk. Accessed 18 Feb 2010
- Keating SM, Allard JE (1994) What’s in a name? Medical samples and scientific evidence in sexual assaults. Med Sci Law 34:187–201
- Benschop CCG, Wiebosch C, Kloostermam AD, Sijen T (2010) Post coital vaginal sampling with Nylon flocked swabs improves DNA typing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 4(2):115–121. doi: 10.1016/jfsigen.2009.07.003
- Allard JE, Baird A, Davidson G, Jones S, Lewis J, McKenna L, Weston C, Scrimger D, Teppett G (2007) A comparison of methods used in the U.K. and Ireland for the extraction and detection of semen on swabs and cloth samples. Sci Justice 47:160–167 CrossRef
- Keating SM (1988) The laboratory’s approach to sexual assault cases. Part 1: sources of information and acts of intercourse. J Forensic Sci Soc 28:35–47 CrossRef
- Clark MDB (1979) Metropolitan police laboratory examination kit for sexual offences. Police Surg 15:447–452
- Forensic Science Service (2010) Technical update for forensic physicians on the use of lubricants 2006. Available at Website: http://www.fflm.ac.uk. Accessed 18 Feb 2010
- Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine (2010) Recommendations on labelling of forensic samples 2009. Available at Website: http://www.fflm.ac.uk. Accessed 18 Feb 2010
- Kafarowski E, Lyon AM, Sloan MM (1996) The retention and transfer of spermatozoa in clothing by machine washing. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 29:7–11
- Jobin RM, DeGouffe M (2003) The persistence of seminal constituents on panties after laundering. Significance to investigations of sexual assault. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 36(1):1–10
- Benecke M (1997) DNA typing in forensic medicine and in criminal investigations: a current survey. Naturwissenschaften 84:181–188 CrossRef
- Mannucci A, Sullivan KM, Ivanov PL, Gill P (1994) Forensic application of a rapid and quantitative DNA sex test by amplification of the X–Y homologous gene amelogenin. Int J Leg Med 106:190–193 CrossRef
- Foreman LA, Evett IW (2001) Statistical analyses to support forensic interpretation for a new ten-locus STR profiling system. Int J Leg Med 114:147–155 CrossRef
- Gill P (2002) Role of short tandem repeat DNA in forensic casework in the UK – past, present and future perspectives. Biotechniques 32:366–372
- Werrett DJ (1997) The national database. Forensic Sci Int 88:33–42 CrossRef
- Hoyle R (1998) The FBI’s national database. Biotechnology 16:987 CrossRef
- Gill P, Sparkes B, Fereday L, Werrett DJ (2000) Report of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI): formulation and testing of principles to evaluate STR multiplexes. Forensic Sci Int 108:1–29 CrossRef
- Bar W, Brinkman B, Budowle B et al (1997) DNA recommendations. Further report of the DNA Commission of the ISFH regarding the use of short tandem repeat systems. International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics. Int J Leg Med 110:175–176 CrossRef
- Olaisen B, Bar W, Brinkmann B et al (1998) DNA recommendations of the International Society for Forensic Genetics. Vox Sang 74:61–63 CrossRef
- Leriche A et al (1998) Final report of the Interpol Working Party on DNA profiling. Proceedings from the 2nd Eurpoean Symposium on Human Idenitification. Promege Corporation, Innsbruck 1991, pp 48–54
- Monckton DG, Jeffreys AJ (1993) DNA profiling. Curr Opin Biotechnol 4:660–664 CrossRef
- Sinha SK, Budowle B, Arcot SS, Richley SL, Chakraborty R, Jones MD, Wojtkiewicz PW (2003) Development and validation of a multiplexed Y chromosome STR genotyping system Y-PLEX6, for forensic casework. J Forensic Sci 48:93–103
- Bender K, Schneider PM, Ritter C (2000) Application of mtDNA sequenceanalysis in forensic case work for the identification of human remains. Forensic Sci Int 113:103–107 CrossRef
- Hass C, Klesser B, Maake C, Bar W, Kratzer A (2009) mRNA profiling for body fluid identification by reverse transcriptase endpoint PCR and realtime PCR. Forensic Sci Int Genet 3(2):P80–P88 CrossRef
- Bauer M, Kraus MD, Patzelt MD (1999) Detection of epithelial cells in dried bloodstains by reverse transciptase- polymerase chain reaction. J Forensic Sci 44(6):1232–1236
- Rutty G (2001) An investigation into the transference and survivability of human DNA following simulated manual strangulation with consideration of the problem of third party contamination. Int J Leg Med 116:170–173 CrossRef
- Graham EA, Rutty GN (2008) Investigation into normal background DNA on human necks. J Forensic Sci 53(5):1074–1082
- Wickenheiser RA (2002) Trace DNA: a review, discussion of theory and applications of transfer of trace quantities of DNA through skin contact. J Forensic Sci 47:442–450
- Lowe A, Murray C, Whitaker J, Tully G, Gill P (2002) The propensity of individuals to deposit DNA and secondary transfer of low level DNA from individuals to inert surfaces. Forensic Sci Int 129:25–34 CrossRef
- Farmen RK, Jagho R, Cortez P, Froyland ES (2008) Assessment of individual shedder status and implications for secondary DNA transfer. For Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser 1:415–417 CrossRef
- Phipps M, Petricevic S (2007) The tendency of individuals to transfer DNA to handled items. Forensic Sci Int 168:162–168 CrossRef
- Sweet DJ (1995) Human bite marks – examination, recovery and analysis. In: Bowers CM, Bell GL (eds) Manual of forensic odontology. American Society of Forensic Odontology, Colorado
- Clift A, Lamont CM (1974) Saliva in forensic odontology. J Forensic Sci Soc 14:241–245 CrossRef
- Bowers CM, Bell GL (eds) (1995) Manual of forensic odontology. American Society of Forensic Odontology, Colorado
- Sweet D, Lorente M, Lorente JA, Valenzuela A, Villanueva E (1997) An improved method to recover saliva from human skin: the double swab technique. J Forensic Sci Soc 42:320–322
- Kenna J, Smyth M, McKenna L, Dockery C, McDermott S (2011) The recovery and persistence of salivery DNA on human skin. J Forensic Sci 56(1):170–175 CrossRef
- Hall D, Fairley M (2004) A single approach to the recovery of DNA and firearm discharge residue evidence. Sci Justice 44(1):15–19 CrossRef
- Girardin BW, Faugno DK, Seneski PC, Slaughter L, Whelan M (1997) Care of the sexually assaulted patient. In: Color atlas of sexual assault. Mosby, St. Louis, p 96
- Lynnerup N, Hjalgrim H (1995) Routine use of ultraviolet light in medicolegal examinations to evaluate stains and skin trauma. Med Sci Law 35:165–168
- Santucci K, Nelson D, Kemedy K, McQuillen K, Duffy S, Linakis J (1999) Wood’s lamp utility in the identification of semen. Pediatrics 104:1342–1344 CrossRef
- Jones DN (1963) The task of the Forensic Science Laboratory in the investigation of sexual offences. J Forensic Sci Soc 3:88–93 CrossRef
- Stoilovic M (1991) Detection of semen and blood stains using Polilight® as a light source. Forensic Sci Int 51:289–296 CrossRef
- Nelson DG, Santucci KA (2002) An alternative light source to detect semen. Acad Emerg Med 9:1045–1048 CrossRef
- Casey D, Carroll C (2008) An evaluation of the blue Crime – Lites for semen detection. Glob Forensic Sci Today 6:26–30
- Casey DG, Price J (2010) The sensitivity and specificity of the RSID saliva kit for the detection of human salivary amylase in the Forensic Science laboratory, Dublin, Ireland. Forensic Sci Int 194:67–71 CrossRef
- Sweet D, Lorente JA, Valenzuela A, Lorente M, Villanueva E (1997) PCR-based DNA typing of saliva stains recovered from human skin. J Forensic Sci Soc 42:447–451
- Cartwright PS (1986) Reported sexual assault in Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee, 1980–1982. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:1064–1068
- Everett RB, Jimerson GK (1977) The rape victim: a review of 117 consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol 50:88–90
- Soules MR, Stewart SK, Brown KM, Pollard AA (1978) The spectrum of alleged rape. J Reprod Med 20:33–39
- Kerr E, Cottee C, Chowdhury R, Jawad R, Welch J (2003) The Haven: a pilot referral centre in London for cases of serious sexual assault. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110:267–271 CrossRef
- Riggs N, Houry D, Long G, Markovchick V, Feldhaus K (2000) Analysis of 1,076 cases of sexual assault. Ann Emerg Med 35:358–362 CrossRef
- Vale GL, Noguchi TT (1983) Anatomical distribution of human bite marks in a series of 67 cases. J Forensic Sci Soc 28:61–69
- Wright R, West DJ (1981) Rape – a comparison of group offences and lone assaults. Med Sci Law 21:25–30
- Muller C, Vogt S, Goerke R, Kordan A, Weinmann W (2000) Identification of selected psychopharmaceuticals and their metabolites in hair by LC/ESI-CID/MS and LC/MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 113:415–421 CrossRef
- Kintz P, Cirimele V, Jamey C, Ludes B (2003) Testing for GHB in hair by GC/MS/ MS after single exposure. Application to document sexual assault. J Forensic Sci 48:195–199
- Negrusz A, Moore CM, Hinkel KB et al (2001) Deposition of 7-aminoflunitrazepam and flunitrazepam in hair after a single dose of Rohypnol®. J Forensic Sci 46:1–9
- Guterman L (1998) Nailing the drug rapists. New Sci 160:4
- Wicks J (2001) Managing Director Tricho-Tec Ltd. Paper presented at the Association of Police Surgeons Autumn Symposium. Northampton, UK, November
- Ledray L (1993) Evidence collection: an update. J Sex Abuse 2:113–115 CrossRef
- Young W, Bracken AC, Goddard MAA, Matheson S (1992) The New Hampshire sexual assault medical examination protocol project committee sexual assault: review of a national model protocol for forensic and medical evaluation. Obstet Gynecol 80:878–883
- Salter MT, Cooke R (1996) The significance of transfer of fibres to head hair, their persistence and retrieval. Forensic Sci Int 1981:211–221 CrossRef
- Exline DL, Smith FP, Drexler SG (1998) Frequency of pubic hair transfer during sexual intercourse. J Forensic Sci 43:505–508
- Mann MJ (1990) Hair transfers in sexual assault: a six-year case study. J Forensic Sci Soc 35:951–955
- Stone IC (1982) Hair and its probative value as evidence. Tex Bar J 45:275–279
- Riis R (1990) Sexual assault combing evidence. Presented at the NWAFS Meeting. Jackson Hole
- Higuchi R, Von Beroldingen CH, Sensabaugh GF, Erlich HA (1988) DNA typing from single hairs. Nature 332:543–546 CrossRef
- Prahlow JA, Lantz PE, Cox-Jones K, Rao PN, Pettenati MJ (1996) Gender identification of human hair using fluoresence in situ hybridisation. J Forensic Sci 41:1035–1037
- Cirimele V, Kinttz P, Staub C, Mangin P (1997) Testing of human hair of flunitrazepam and 7-amino-flunitrazepam by GC/MS-NCY. Forensic Sci Int 84:189–200 CrossRef
- Ropero-Miller JD, Goldberger BA, Cone EJ, Joseph RE (2000) The deposition of cocaine and opiate analytes in hair and fingernails of humans following cocaine and codeine administration. J Anal Toxicol 24:496–508
- Tsatsakis AM, Psillakis T, Paritsis N (2000) Phenytoin concentration in head hair sections: a method to evaluate the history of drug use. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20:560–573 CrossRef
- Enos WF, Beyer JC (1981) The importance of examining skin and hair for semen in sexual assault cases. J Forensic Sci Soc 26:605–607
- Henderson AR, Lai K, Power TEB, Samson OJ, Scott SE, Vintiner SK (2004) Prevalence of Foreign DNA Under Fingernails. Proceedings-challenges-and-changes-17th-International Symposium on the forensic sciences. Wellington
- Malsom S, Flanagan N, McAlister C, Dixon L (2009) The prevalence of mixed DNA profiles in fingernail samples taken from couples who co-habit using autosomal and Y-STRs. Forensic Sci Int Genet 3(2):57–62 CrossRef
- Cook O, Dixon L (2009) The prevalence of mixed DNA profiles in fingernail samples taken from individuals in the general population. Forensic Sci Int Genet 1(1):P62–P68 CrossRef
- Thomas F, Baert H (1965) A new means of identification of the human being: the longitudinal striation of the nails. Med Sci Law 5:39–40
- Lederer T, Betz P, Seidi S (2001) DNA analysis of fingernail debris using different multiplex systems: a case report. Int J Leg Med 114:263–266 CrossRef
- Evans BA, Bond RA, Macrae KD (1988) Sexual behaviour in women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Genitourin Med 64:43–48
- Keating SM, Higgs DF (1992) Oral sex – further information from sexual assault cases. J Forensic Sci Soc 32:327–331 CrossRef
- Sexual Offences Act (2003) Home office. London, UK. Available at Website: http://www.opsi.gov. Accessed 2 Mar 2010
- Criminal Justice (rape) (2010) Amendment Act (1990) No32/1990. Available at Website: http://www.acts.ie. Accessed 2 Mar 2010
- Lind W, Carlson D (1995) Recovery of semen from chewing gum in an oral sexual assault. J Forensic Identification 45:280–282
- Hampton HL (1995) Care of the woman who has been raped. N Engl J Med 332:234–237 CrossRef
- Willott GM, Crosse MA (1986) The detection of spermatozoa in the mouth. J Forensic Sci Soc 26:125–128 CrossRef
- Faculty of Forensic and Legal (2010) Recommendations for the collection of forensic specimens from complainants and suspects. January 2010. Available at Website: http://www.fflm.ac.uk. Accessed 2 Mar 2010
- Allard JE (1997) The collection of data from findings in cases of sexual assault and the significance of spermatozoa on vaginal, anal and oral swabs. Sci Justice 37:99–108 CrossRef
- Enos WF, Beyer JC (1978) Spermatozoa in the anal canal and rectum and in the oral cavity of female rape victims. J Forensic Sci Soc 23:231–233
- Schlesinger SL, Borbotsina J, O’Neill L (1975) Petechial hemorrhages of the soft palate secondary to fellatio. Oral Surg 40:376–378 CrossRef
- Giansanti JS, Cramer JR, Weathers DR (1975) Palatal erythema, another etiologic factor. Oral Surg 40:379–381 CrossRef
- Damm DD, White DK, Brinker CM (1981) Variations of palatal erythema secondary to fellatio. Oral Surg 52:417–421 CrossRef
- Girardin BW, Faugno DK, Seneski PC, Slaughter L, Whelan M (1997) Findings in sexual asault and consensual intercourse. In: Color atlas of sexual assault. Mosby, St. Louis, p 41
- Bellizzi R, Krakow AM, Plack W (1980) Soft palate trauma associated with fellatio: case report. Mil Med 145:787–788
- Girardin BW, Faugno DK, Seneski PC, Slaughter L, Whelan M (1997) Findings in sexual asault and consensual intercourse. In: Color atlas of sexual assault. Mosby, St. Louis, p 38
- Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Field J (1994) Heterosexual practices. In: Sexual attitudes and lifestyles. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 160
- Bolling DR (1977) Prevalence, goals and complications of heterosexual anal intercourse in a gynecologic population. J Reprod Med 19:121–124
- Keating SM (1988) Oral sex – a review of its prevalence and proof. J Forensic Sci Soc 28:341–355 CrossRef
- Keating SM, Higgs DF (1994) The detection of amylase on swabs from sexual assault cases. J Forensic Sci Soc 34:89–93 CrossRef
- Skerlavy M, Epstein JA, Sobrero AJ (1968) Cervical mucus amylase levels in normal menstrual cycles. Fertil Steril 19:726–730
- Banaschak S, Moller K, Pfeiffer H (1998) Potential DNA mixtures introduced through kissing. Int J Leg Med 111:284–285 CrossRef
- Mader CL (1981) Lingual frenulum ulcer resulting from orogenital sex. J Am Dent Assoc 103:888–890
- Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Field J (1994) Heterosexual practices. In: Sexual attitudes and lifestyles. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
- Wellings K, Nanchahai K, Macdowall W (2001) Sexual behaviour in Britain: early heterosexual experience. Lancet 358:1843–1850 CrossRef
- Jenny C, Kunhs ML, Fukiko A (1987) Presence of hymens in newborn female infants. Pediatrics 80:399–400
- Heger A, Emans SJ, Muram D (eds) (2000) Evaluation of the sexually abused child. Oxford University Press, New York
- Chadwick DL, Berkowitz CD, Kerns D, McCann J, Reinhart MA, Strickland S (1989) Color atlas of child sexual abuse. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago
- Muram D (2000) Anatomic and physiological changes. In: Heger A, Emans SJ, Muram D (eds) Evaluation of the sexually abused child. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 105–107
- Emans SJH, Goldstein DP (1990) The physiology of puberty. In: Pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 3rd edn. Little Brown, Boston, pp 95–97
- Porkorny SF (1987) Configuration of the prepubertal hymen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:950–956
- McCann J, Wells R, Simon M, Voris J (1990) Genital findings in prepubertal girls selected for nonabuse: a descriptive study. Pediatrics 86:428–439
- Girardin BW, Faugno DK, Seneski PC, Slaughter L, Whelan M (1997) Care of the sexually assaulted patient. In: Color atlas of sexual assault. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 111–118
- Masters WH, Johnson VE (1966) The vagina. In: The human sexual response. Little Brown, Boston, pp 69–70 CrossRef
- Reade DJ (1986) Early scientific investigations of sexual assault. Police Surg 42–46
- Eungprabhanth V (1974) Finding of the spermatozoa in the vagina related to elapsed time of coitus. Z Rechtamedizin 74:301–304 CrossRef
- Davis A, Wilson E (1974) The persistence of seminal constituents in the human vagina. Forensic Sci 3:45–55 CrossRef
- Florence A (1986) Du spermeet des taches de sperme en medecinelegale. Arch d’Anthropol Criminelled’ Criminolo Psychol Normale Pathol 11:146–165
- Laurell CB (1972) Electroimmunoassay. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 29:21 CrossRef
- Graves HCB, Sensabaugh GF, Blake ET (1985) Postcoital detection of a male-specific semen protein: application to the investigation of rape. N Engl J Med 312:338–340 CrossRef
- Desroches A, Buckle B, Fourney R (2009) Forensic biology evidence screening past and present. Can Soc Forensic Sci 42(2):101–120
- Pang BCM, Cheung BKK (2007) Identification of human semenogelin in the membrane strip test as an alternative method for the detection of semen. Forensic Sci Int 169(1):27–31 CrossRef
- Collins KA, Rao PN, Hayworth R et al (1994) Identification of sperm and non-sperm male cells in cervicovaginal smears using Fluoresecence In Situ Hybrid-isation – applications in alleged sexual assault cases. J Forensic Sci 39:1347–1355
- Sibille I, Duverneuil C, Lorin de la Grandmaison G. Y–STR DNA amplification as biological evidence in sexually assaulted female victims with no cytological detection of spermatozoa. Forensic Sci Int 125:212–216
- Rao PN, Collins KA, Geisinger KR et al (1995) Identification of male epithelial cells in routine post-coital cervicovaginal smears using Fluoresecence In Situ Hybridisation – application in sexual assault and molestation. Am J Clin Pathol 104:32–35
- Divall GB (1985) Methods for the identification and menstrual blood. In: Lee HG, Gaensslen RE (eds) Advances in forensic science. Biomedical Publications, Foster City, pp 1–14
- Allard J (1996) The facts of life. Contact FSS Intern Publication 24
- Wilson EM (1982) A comparison of the persistence of seminal constituents in the human vagina and cervix. Police Surg 22:44–45
- Keating SM (1988) The laboratory’s approach to sexual assault cases. Part 2. Demonstration of the possible offender. J Forensic Sci Soc 28:99–110 CrossRef
- Dziegelewski M, Simich JP, Rittenhouse-Olson K (2002) Use of a Y chromosome probe as an aid in the forensic proof of sexual assault. J Forensic Sci 47:601–604
- Gaensslen RE (1983) Survival of spermatozoa in the vagina. In: Gaensslen RE (ed) Sourcebook in forensic serology, immunology and biochemistry. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp 144–152
- Silverman EM, Silverman AG (1978) Persistence of spermatozoa in the lower genital tracts of women. JAMA 240:1875–1877 CrossRef
- Rupp JC (1969) Sperm survival and prostatic acid phosphatase activity in victims of sexual assault. J Forensic Sci Soc 14:177–183
- Paul DM (1984) Examination of the living. In: Mant AK (ed) Taylor’s principles and practice of medical jurisprudence, 13th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 64–105
- Slaughter L, Brown CRV (1992) Colposcopy to establish physical findings in rape victims. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:83–86
- Cartwright PS, Moore RA, Anderson JR, Brown DH (1986) Genital injury and implied consent to alleged rape. J Reprod Med 31:1043–1044
- Ramin SM, Satin AJ, Stone SC, Wendel GD (1992) Sexual assault in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 80:860–864
- Anderson SL, Parker BJ, Bourguignon CM (2008) Changes in genital injury patterns over time in women after consensual intercourse. J Clin Forensic Med 15:306–311
- Sommers MS, Zink TM, Fargo JD et al (2008) Forensic sexual assault examination and genital injury: is skin color a source of health disparity? Am J Emerg Med 26:857–866 CrossRef
- Anderson S, McClain N, Riviello RJ (2006) Genital findings of women after consensual and non-consensual intercourse. J Forensic Nurs 2(2):59–65 CrossRef
- Jones JS, Rossman L, Hartman M, Alexander CC (2003) Anogenital injuries in adolescemts after consensual sexual intercourse. Acad Emerg Med 10:1378–1383 CrossRef
- Fraser IS, Lahteenmaki P, Elomaa K et al (1999) Variations in vaginal epithelial surface appearance determined by colposcopic inspection in healthy sexually active women. Hum Reprod 14:1974–1978 CrossRef
- Norvell MK, Benrubi GI, Thompson RJ (1984) Investigations of microtrauma after sexual intercourse. J Reprod Med 29:269–271
- Lauber AA, Souma ML (1982) Use of toluidine blue for documentation of traumatic intercourse. Obstet Gynecol 60:644–648
- McCauley J, Gorman RL, Guzinski G (1986) Toluidine blue in the detection of perineal lacerations in pediatric and adolescent sexual abuse victims. Pediatrics 78:1039–1043
- McCauley J, Guzinski G, Welch R, Gorman R, Osmers F (1987) Toluidine blue in the corroboration of rape in adult victim. Am J Emerg Med 5:105–108 CrossRef
- Whitley N (1978) The first coital experience of one hundred women. JOGN 41–54
- Slaughter L, Brown CRV, Crowley S, Peck R (1997) Patterns of genital injury in female sexual assault victims. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176:609–616 CrossRef
- Adams JA, Girardin B, Faugno D (2001) Adolescent sexual assault: documentation of acute injuries using photo-colposcopy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 14:175–180 CrossRef
- Wilson KFG (1966) Lower genital tract trauma. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 6:291–293 CrossRef
- Ahmed E, Syed SA, Parveen N (2006) Female consensual coital injuires. JCPSP 16(5):333–335
- McCann J, Miyamoto S, Boyle C, Rogers K (2007) Healing of non-hymenal genital injuries in pre-pubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study. J Pediatr 120:1000–1011 CrossRef
- Kellogg ND, Parra JM (1991) Linea vestibularis: a previously undescribed normal genital structure in female neonates. Pediatrics 87:926–929
- Ferrell J (1995) Sexual assault: clinical issues, Foley catheter balloon technique for visualizing the hymen in female adolescent sexual abuse victims. J Emerg Nurs 21:585–586 CrossRef
- McCann J, Miyamoto S, Boyle C, Rogers K (2007) Healing of hymenal genital injuries in pre-pubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study. J Pediatr 119:e1094–e1106 CrossRef
- White C, McLean I (2006) Adolescent complainants of sexual assault; injury patterns in virgin and non-virgin groups. J Clin Forensic Med 13:172–180 CrossRef
- Teixera W (1981) Hymenal colposcopic examination in sexual offences. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2(3):209–215 CrossRef
- Kellogg ND, Menard SW, Santos A (2004) Genital anatomy in pregnant adolescents: “normal” does not mean “nothing happened”. Pediatrics 113(1):e67–e69 CrossRef
- Goodyear-Smith FA, Laidlaw TM (1998) What is an “intact hymen”? A critique of the literature. Med Sci Law 38:289–301
- Emans SJ, Woods E, Allred E, Grace E (1994) Hymenal findings in adolescent women, impact of tampon use and consensual sexual activity. Pediatrics 125:153–160 CrossRef
- Underhill R, Dewhurst J (1978) The doctor cannot always tell: medical examination of the ‘intact’ hymen. Lancet 1:375–376 CrossRef
- Wilson F, Swartz DP (1972) Coital injuries of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 39:182–184
- Fish SA (1956) Vaginal injury due to coitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 72:544–548
- Metsala P, Nieminen U (1968) Traumatic lesions of the vagina. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 47:483–488 CrossRef
- Gray MJ, Norton P, Treadwell K (1981) Tampon-induced injuries. Obstet Gynecol 58:667–668
- Bowyer L, Dalton ME (1997) Female victims of rape and their genital injuries. Br J Obstet Gynecol 104:617–620 CrossRef
- Manser T (1991) Findings in medical examinations of victims and offenders in cases of serious sexual offences – a survey. Police Surg 38:4–27
- Burgess AW, Holmstrom LL (1973) The rape victim in the emergency ward. Am J Nurs 73:1741–1745
- Slaughter L, Brown CRV (1991) Cervical findings in rape victims. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:528–529
- Hakanson EY (1966) Trauma to the female genitalia. Lancet 86:286–291
- Masters WH, Johnson VE (1966) The penis. In: The human sexual response. Little Brown, Boston, pp 171–203
- Muram D (1992) Anatomy. In: Hegar A, Emans SJ (eds) Evaluation of the sexually abused child. Oxford University Press, New York, p 73
- Girardin BW, Faugno DK, Seneski PC, Slaughter L, Whelan M (1997) Anatomy and the human sexual response. In: Color atlas of sexual assault. Mosby, St. Louis, p 11
- Ansell R (2002) Secondary transfer of seminal constituents. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 35(1):23–27
- Hass C, Klesser B, Maake C, Bar W, Kratzer A (2009) mRNA profiling for body fluid identification by reverse transcriptase endpoint PCR and realtime PCR. Forensic Sci Int Genet 3(2):80–88 CrossRef
- Cina SJ, Collins KA, Pettenati MJ, Fitts M (2000) Isolation and identification of female DNA on post-coital penile swabs. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21:97–100 CrossRef
- Farah R, Cerny JC (1973) Penis tourniquet syndrome and penile amputation. Urology 11:310–311 CrossRef
- Garty BZ, Mimouni M, Varsano I (1983) Penile tourniquet sydrome. Cutis 31:431–432
- Kerry RL, Chapman DD (1973) Strangulation of appendages by hair and thread. Pediatr Surg 8:23–27 CrossRef
- Wheatley JK (1983) Genital injury during intercourse. Med Aspects Hum Sex 17:24A–24J
- Ball TP, Pickett JD (1975) Traumatic lymphangitis of penis. Urology IV:594–597 CrossRef
- Davies DM, Mitchell I (1978) Fracture of the penis. Br J Urol 50:426 CrossRef
- Pryor JP, Hill JT, Packham DA, Yates-Bell AJ (1981) Penile injuries with particular reference to injury to the erectile tissue. Br J Urol 53:42–46
- Paul DM (1977) The medical examination of the live rape victim and the accused. Leg Med Annu 139–153
- Wells DL (1996) Genital trauma amongst young boys. J Clin Forensic Med 3:129–132 CrossRef
- Hobbs CJ, Wynne JM (1996) Physical signs of child abuse. WB Saunders, Philadelphia
- Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Field J (1994) Heterosexual practices. In: Sexual attitudes and lifestyles. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 163
- Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Field J (1994) Sexual diversity and homosexual behaviour. In: Sexual attitudes and lifestyles. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 183–223
- Bang L (1993) Rape victims – assaults, injuries and treatment at a medical rape trauma service at Oslo Emergency Hospital. Scand J Prim Health Care 11:15–20 CrossRef
- Hillman RJ, O’Mara N, Taylor-Robinson D, Williams Harris JR (1990) Medical and social aspects of sexual assault of males: a survey of 100 victims. Br J Gen Pract 40:502–504
- Hillman R, O’Mara N, Tomlinson D, William Harris JR (1991) Adult male victims of sexual assault: an underdiagnosed condition. Int J STD AIDS 2:22–24
- Girardin BW, Faugno DK, Seneski PC, Slaughter L, Whelan M (1997) Anatomy and the human sexual response. In: Color atlas of sexual assault. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 14–16
- Fenger C (1997) Anal canal. In: Sternberg SS (ed) Histology for pathologists, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 551–571
- Nivatovongs S, Stern HS, Fryd DS (1981) The length of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 24:600–611 CrossRef
- Goligher J Duthie HL, Nixon HH (1984) Surgical anatomy and physiology of the anus, rectum and colon. In: Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon, 5th edn. BaillièreTindall, London, p 15
- Parks AG, Porter NH, Melzak J (1962) Experimental study of the reflex mechanism controlling the muscles of the pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 5:401–414 CrossRef
- Davies A (1979) Discussion of spermatozoa in the anal canal and rectum and in the oral cavity of female rape victims. J Forensic Sci Soc 24:541–542
- Willott GM, Allard JE (1982) Spermatozoa – their persistence after sexual intercourse. Forensic Sci Int 19:135–154 CrossRef
- Bush RA, Owen WF (1986) Trauma and other noninfectious problems in homosexual men. Med Clin North Am 70:549–566
- Hilden M, Berit S, Sidenius K (2005) Genitoanal injury in adult female victims of sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int 154:200–205 CrossRef
- Maguire W, Goodall E, Moore T (2009) Injury in adult female sexual assault complainants and related factors. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol 142:149–153 CrossRef
- Goligher J, Duthie HL, Nixon HH (1984) Anal fissure. In: Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon, 5th edn. Baillière Tindall, London, p 150
- Keighley MRB, Williams NS (1993) Fissure in ano. In: Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 364–386
- Crass RA, Tranbaugh RF, Kudsk KA, Trunkey DD (1981) Colorectal foreign bodies and perforation. Am J Surg 142:85–88 CrossRef
- Barone JE, Yee J, Nealon TF (1983) Management of foreign bodies and trauma of the rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 56:453–457
- Rakotomalala L, de Parades V, Parisot C, Atienza P (1996) Ruptures multiples du sphincter interne après viol anal: une cause peuconnued’incontinenceanale. Gastroentérol Clin Biol 20:1142–1143
- Chun AB, Rose S, Mitrani C, Silvestre AJ, Wald A (1997) Anal sphincter structure and function in homosexual males engaging in anoreceptive intercourse. Am J Gastroenterol 92:465–468
- Miles AJG, Allen-Mersh TG, Wastell C (1993) Effect of anoreceptive intercourse on anorectal function. J R Soc Med 86:144–147
- Blackledge RD (1996) Condom trace evidence: a new factor in sexual assault investigations. FBI Law Enforcement Bull 12–16
- Greaves C (1998) Safe sex? Is it so safe? Contact FSS Intern Publication 25:20–21
- McCrone WC, Delly JG (1973) The particles atlas. 3:600; 702
- Blackledge RD, Vincenti M (1994) Identification of polydimethylsiloxane lubricant traces from latex condoms in cases of sexual assault. J Forensic Sci Soc 34:245–256 CrossRef
- Jansen K (1998) Date rape drugs. Bull Int Assoc Forensic Toxicol 28:18–20
- Ferner RE (1996) Ethanol. In: Forensic pharmacology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 122–124
- Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit (2010) Emergency contraception. Available at Website: http://www.fsrh.org. Accessed 12 Feb 2010
- Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit (2010) New product Review Ulipristal (ellaOne®).Faculty Statement fromt the Clinical effectiveness Unit. Available at Website: http://www.fsrh.org. Accessed 12 Feb 2010
- Jenny C, Hooton TM, Bowers A et al (1990) Sexually transmitted diseases in victims of rape. N Engl J Med 322:713–716 CrossRef
- Estreich S, Forster GE, Robinson A (1990) Sexually transmitted diseases in rape victims. Genitourin Med 66:433–438
- British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (2009) United Kingdom National guidelines on the management of sexually transmitted infections and related conditions in children and young people. Available at Website: http://www.bashh.org. Accessed 14 Feb 2010
- Home Office (2010) Medical care following sexual assault – guidelines for sexual assault referral centres. Available at Website: http://www.police.homeoffice.gov.uk.org. Accessed 14 Feb 2010
- Gibb AM, McManus T, Forster GE (2003) Should we offer antibiotic prophylaxis post sexual assault? Int J STD AIDS 14:99–102 CrossRef
- British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (2001) National guidelines on the management of adult victims if sexual assault. Available at Website: (http://www.bashh.org). Accessed 14 Feb 2010
- Ross JDC, Scott GR, Busuttil A (1991) Rape and sexually transmitted diseases: patterns of referral and incidence in a department of genitourinary medicine. J R Soc Med 84:657–659
- Lacey HB (1991) Rape, the law and medical practitioners. Br J Sex Med 89–92
- Crowe C, Forster GE, Dinsmore WW, Maw RD (1996) A case of acute hepatitis B occurring four months after multiple rape. Int J STD AIDS 7:133–134 CrossRef
- Limb S, Kawsar M, Forster GE (2002) HIV post-exposure prophylaxis after sexual assault: the experience of a sexual assault service in London. Int J STD AIDS 13:602–605 CrossRef
- British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (2006) United Kingdom guideline for the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV following sexual exposure. Available at Website: http://www.bashh.org. Accessed 14 Feb 2010
- Burgess AW, Holmstrom LL (1974) Rape trauma syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 131:981–986
- Duddle M (1991) Emotional sequelae of sexual assault. J R Soc Med 84:26–28
About this Chapter
- Title
- Sexual Assault Examination
- Book Title
- Clinical Forensic Medicine
- Book Subtitle
- A Physician's Guide
- Pages
- pp 71-131
- Copyright
- 2011
- DOI
- 10.1007/978-1-61779-258-8_3
- Print ISBN
- 978-1-61779-257-1
- Online ISBN
- 978-1-61779-258-8
- Publisher
- Humana Press
- Copyright Holder
- Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editors
-
-
Margaret M. Stark
(ID1)
-
Margaret M. Stark
- Editor Affiliations
-
- ID1.
- Authors
-
-
Deborah Rogers
(1)
- B. Martina McBride (2)
-
Deborah Rogers
- Author Affiliations
-
- 1. The New Swindon Sanctuary Sexual Assault Referral Centre, London, UK
- 2. Forensic Science Service, Dublin, Ireland
Continue reading...
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.