Abstract
The poor prognosis associated with lung cancer has stimulated substantial effort directed toward lung cancer prevention. As smoking prevention and cessation have proven difficult to achieve, many chemoprevention trials have been done during the last few decades. Such trials have focused on lung cancer survivors and high-risk groups including current and former heavy smokers with or without COPD. The aims of these trials were to reduce lung cancer incidence as well as to reduce/reverse premalignant changes in the bronchial epithelium. Unfortunately, till now all the chemoprevention clinical trials have failed to show any clinical or histologic benefit with respect to lung cancer.
This chapter reviews the chemoprevention trials that have been done in the last few decades, analyzes the reasons for their failure, and reviews the future directions and the targeted therapy that may be potentially relevant in the chemoprevention of lung cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Spitz MR, Hsu TC, Wu X, Fueger JJ, Amos CI, Roth JA (1995) Mutagen sensitivity as a biological marker of lung cancer risk in African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4(2):99-103
Sporn MB, Dunlop NM, Newton DL, Smith JM (1976) Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids). Fed Proc 35(6):1332-1338
(1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 330(15):1029-1035
Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE et al (1996) Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334(18):1145-1149
Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD et al (1996) Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334(18):1150-1155
van Zandwijk N, Dalesio O, Pastorino U, de Vries N, van Tinteren H (2000) EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and neck cancer or lung cancer. For the EUropean Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck and Lung Cancer Cooperative Groups. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(12):977-986
Muscat JE, Chen SQ, Richie JP Jr et al (2003) Risk of lung carcinoma among users of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Cancer 97(7):1732-1736
Hirsch FR, Lippman SM (2005) Advances in the biology of lung cancer chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol 23(14):3186-3197
Rao CV, Reddy BS (2004) NSAIDs and chemoprevention. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 4(1):29-42
Williams CS, Mann M, DuBois RN (1999) The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development. Oncogene 18(55):7908-7916
Khuri FR, Wu H, Lee JJ et al (2001) Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression is a marker of poor prognosis in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7(4):861-867
Hida T, Yatabe Y, Achiwa H et al (1998) Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, specifically in adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 58(17):3761-3764
Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RK et al (2000) The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 342(26):1946-1952
Bardou M, Barkun AN, Ghosn J, Hudson M, Rahme E (2004) Effect of chronic intake of NSAIDs and cyclooxygenase 2-selective inhibitors on esophageal cancer incidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(10):880-887
Reddy BS, Hirose Y, Lubet R et al (2000) Chemoprevention of colon cancer by specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, administered during different stages of carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 60(2):293-297
Hu PJ, Yu J, Zeng ZR et al (2004) Chemoprevention of gastric cancer by celecoxib in rats. Gut 53(2):195-200
Diperna CA, Bart RD, Sievers EM, Ma Y, Starnes VA, Bremner RM (2003) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition decreases primary and metastatic tumor burden in a murine model of orthotopic lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126(4):1129-1133
Klenke FM, Gebhard MM, Ewerbeck V, Abdollahi A, Huber PE, Sckell A (2006) The selective Cox-2 inhibitor Celecoxib suppresses angiogenesis and growth of secondary bone tumors: an intravital microscopy study in mice. BMC Cancer 6:9
Harris RE, Alshafie GA, Abou-Issa H, Seibert K (2000) Chemoprevention of breast cancer in rats by celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor. Cancer Res 60(8):2101-2103
Li N, Sood S, Wang S et al (2005) Overexpression of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2 in hamster and human oral cancer and chemopreventive effects of zileuton and celecoxib. Clin Cancer Res 11(5):2089-2096
Gupta S, Adhami VM, Subbarayan M et al (2004) Suppression of prostate carcinogenesis by dietary supplementation of celecoxib in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Cancer Res 64(9):3334-3343
Grubbs CJ, Lubet RA, Koki AT et al (2000) Celecoxib inhibits N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder cancers in male B6D2F1 mice and female Fischer-344 rats. Cancer Res 60(20):5599-5602
Fischer SM, Lo HH, Gordon GB et al (1999) Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and indomethacin against ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 25(4):231-240
Mao JT, Cui X, Reckamp K et al (2005) Chemoprevention strategies with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 7(1):30-39
Abou-Issa H, Alshafie G (2004) Celecoxib: a novel treatment for lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 4(5):725-734
Hirsch FR, Franklin WA, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA Jr (2001) Early detection of lung cancer: clinical perspectives of recent advances in biology and radiology. Clin Cancer Res 7(1):5-22
Nettesheim P, Marchok A (1983) Neoplastic development in airway epithelium. Adv Cancer Res 39:1-70
Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y (2001) The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours. Eur Respir J 18(6):1059-1068
Soria JC, Kim ES, Fayette J, Lantuejoul S, Deutsch E, Hong WK (2003) Chemoprevention of lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 4(11):659-669
Omenn GS (1998) Chemoprevention of lung cancer: the rise and demise of beta-carotene. Annu Rev Public Health 19:73-99
Johnson BE (1998) Second lung cancers in patients after treatment for an initial lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(18):1335-1345
Peled N, Flex D, Raviv Y et al (2009) The role of routine bronchoscopy for early detection of bronchial stump recurrence of lung cancer-1 year post-surgery. Lung Cancer 65(3):319-323
Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y, Thun M (2005) Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA 294(10):1255-1259
Bach PB, Kelley MJ, Tate RC, McCrory DC (2003) Screening for lung cancer: a review of the current literature. Chest 123(1 Suppl):72S-82S
Kennedy TC, Proudfoot SP, Franklin WA et al (1996) Cytopathological analysis of sputum in patients with airflow obstruction and significant smoking histories. Cancer Res 56(20):4673-4678
Prindiville SA, Byers T, Hirsch FR et al (2003) Sputum cytological atypia as a predictor of incident lung cancer in a cohort of heavy smokers with airflow obstruction. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(10):987-993
(2005) Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 365(9472):1687-717
Wilson DO, Weissfeld JL, Balkan A et al (2008) Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(7):738-744
Ding L, Getz G, Wheeler DA et al (2008) Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 455(7216):1069-1075
Cassidy A, Myles JP, van Tongeren M et al (2008) The LLP risk model: an individual risk prediction model for lung cancer. Br J Cancer 98(2):270-276
Sato M, Shames DS, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2007) A translational view of the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2(4):327-343
Belinsky SA, Liechty KC, Gentry FD et al (2006) Promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in sputum precedes lung cancer incidence in a high-risk cohort. Cancer Res 66(6):3338-3344
Phillips M, Gleeson K, Hughes JM et al (1999) Volatile organic compounds in breath as markers of lung cancer: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 353(9168):1930-1933
Phillips M, Altorki N, Austin JH et al (2007) Prediction of lung cancer using volatile biomarkers in breath. Cancer Biomark 3(2):95-109
Peng G, Trock E, Haick H (2008) Detecting simulated patterns of lung cancer biomarkers by random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes coated with nonpolymeric organic materials. Nano Lett 8(11):3631-3635
Shopland DR, Eyre HJ, Pechacek TF (1991) Smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 1991: is lung cancer now the leading cause of death among smokers in the United States? J Natl Cancer Inst 83(16):1142-1148
Perez-Padilla R, Regalado J, Vedal S et al (1996) Exposure to biomass smoke and chronic airway disease in Mexican women. A case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154(3 Pt 1):701-706
Delgado J, Martinez LM, Sanchez TT, Ramirez A, Iturria C, Gonzalez-Avila G (2005) Lung cancer pathogenesis associated with wood smoke exposure. Chest 128(1):124-131
Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE (2005) The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 142(4):233-239
Song YM, Sung J, Cho HJ (2008) Reduction and cessation of cigarette smoking and risk of cancer: a cohort study of Korean men. J Clin Oncol 26(31):5101-5106
Tverdal A, Bjartveit K (2006) Health consequences of reduced daily cigarette consumption. Tob Control 15(6):472-480
Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D et al (2008) Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 179(2):135-144
Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M et al (2006) Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 296(1):47-55
Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA et al (2006) Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 296(1):56-63
Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, Silcocks P, Whitley E, Doll R (2000) Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ 321(7257):323-329
Tong L, Spitz MR, Fueger JJ, Amos CA (1996) Lung carcinoma in former smokers. Cancer 78(5):1004-1010
Kelloff GJ, Lippman SM, Dannenberg AJ et al (2006) Progress in chemoprevention drug development: the promise of molecular biomarkers for prevention of intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer - a plan to move forward. Clin Cancer Res 12(12):3661-3697
Kelloff GJ, Sigman CC (2007) Assessing intraepithelial neoplasia and drug safety in cancer-preventive drug development. Nat Rev Cancer 7(7):508-518
Lam S, Kennedy T, Unger M et al (1998) Localization of bronchial intraepithelial neoplastic lesions by fluorescence bronchoscopy. Chest 113(3):696-702
Lam S, MacAulay C, leRiche JC, Palcic B (2000) Detection and localization of early lung cancer by fluorescence bronchoscopy. Cancer 89(11 Suppl):2468-2473
Bota S, Auliac JB, Paris C et al (2001) Follow-up of bronchial precancerous lesions and carcinoma in situ using fluorescence endoscopy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164(9):1688-1693
Venmans BJ, van Boxem TJ, Smit EF, Postmus PE, Sutedja TG (2000) Outcome of bronchial carcinoma in situ. Chest 117(6):1572-1576
Westra WH (2000) Early glandular neoplasia of the lung. Respir Res 1(3):163-169
Beasley MB, Brambilla E, Travis WD (2005) The 2004 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors. Semin Roentgenol 40(2):90-97
Ikeda K, Nomori H, Ohba Y et al (2008) Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in multicentric lung adenocarcinomas and atypical adenomatous hyperplasias. J Thorac Oncol 3(5):467-471
Licchesi JD, Westra WH, Hooker CM, Herman JG (2008) Promoter hypermethylation of hallmark cancer genes in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Clin Cancer Res 14(9):2570-2578
Licchesi JD, Westra WH, Hooker CM, Machida EO, Baylin SB, Herman JG (2008) Epigenetic alteration of Wnt pathway antagonists in progressive glandular neoplasia of the lung. Carcinogenesis 29(5):895-904
Lee JS, Lippman SM, Benner SE et al (1994) Randomized placebo-controlled trial of isotretinoin in chemoprevention of bronchial squamous metaplasia. J Clin Oncol 12(5):937-945
Lippman SM, Benner SE, Hong WK (1994) Cancer chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol 12(4):851-873
McLarty JW, Holiday DB, Girard WM, Yanagihara RH, Kummet TD, Greenberg SD (1995) Beta-Carotene, vitamin A, and lung cancer chemoprevention: results of an intermediate endpoint study. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6 Suppl):1431S-1438S
Kurie JM, Lee JS, Khuri FR et al (2000) N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in the chemoprevention of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia of the bronchial epithelium. Clin Cancer Res 6(8):2973-2979
Lam S, MacAulay C, Le Riche JC et al (2002) A randomized phase IIb trial of anethole dithiolethione in smokers with bronchial dysplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(13):1001-1009
Kurie JM, Lotan R, Lee JJ et al (2003) Treatment of former smokers with 9-cis-retinoic acid reverses loss of retinoic acid receptor-beta expression in the bronchial epithelium: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(3):206-214
Lam S, Xu X, Parker-Klein H et al (2003) Surrogate end-point biomarker analysis in a retinol chemoprevention trial in current and former smokers with bronchial dysplasia. Int J Oncol 23(6):1607-1613
Lam S, leRiche JC, McWilliams A et al (2004) A randomized phase IIb trial of pulmicort turbuhaler (budesonide) in people with dysplasia of the bronchial epithelium. Clin Cancer Res 10(19):6502-6511
Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Karp DD et al (2001) Randomized phase III intergroup trial of isotretinoin to prevent second primary tumors in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93(8):605-618
Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ et al (2009) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 301(1):39-51
Lippman SM, Kessler JF, Meyskens FL Jr (1987) Retinoids as preventive and therapeutic anticancer agents (Part II). Cancer Treat Rep 71(5):493-515
Brabender J, Metzger R, Salonga D et al (2005) Comprehensive expression analysis of retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors in non-small cell lung cancer: implications for tumor development and prognosis. Carcinogenesis 26(3):525-530
Lotan R, Xu XC, Lippman SM et al (1995) Suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta in premalignant oral lesions and its up-regulation by isotretinoin. N Engl J Med 332(21):1405-1410
Lotan R (2005) A crucial role for cellular retinol-binding protein I in retinoid signaling. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(1):3-4
Srinivas H, Juroske DM, Kalyankrishna S et al (2005) c-Jun N-terminal kinase contributes to aberrant retinoid signaling in lung cancer cells by phosphorylating and inducing proteasomal degradation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 25(3):1054-1069
Vourlekis JS, Szabo E (2003) Predicting success in cancer prevention trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(3):178-179
Khuri FR, Lotan R, Kemp BL et al (2000) Retinoic acid receptor-beta as a prognostic indicator in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 18(15):2798-2804
Soria JC, Xu X, Liu DD et al (2003) Retinoic acid receptor beta and telomerase catalytic subunit expression in bronchial epithelium of heavy smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(2):165-168
Kim JS, Lee H, Kim H et al (2004) Promoter methylation of retinoic acid receptor beta 2 and the development of second primary lung cancers in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 22(17):3443-3450
Berard J, Laboune F, Mukuna M, Masse S, Kothary R, Bradley WE (1996) Lung tumors in mice expressing an antisense RARbeta2 transgene. FASEB J 10(9):1091-1097
Xu XC, Lee JJ, Wu TT, Hoque A, Ajani JA, Lippman SM (2005) Increased retinoic acid receptor-beta4 correlates in vivo with reduced retinoic acid receptor-beta2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(4):826-829
Albanes D (2009) Vitamin supplements and cancer prevention: where do randomized controlled trials stand? J Natl Cancer Inst 101(1):2-4
Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Peto R (1994) Antioxidant vitamins - benefits not yet proved. N Engl J Med 330(15):1080-1081
Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK et al (2003) Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up. JAMA 290(4):476-485
Lippman SM, Goodman PJ, Klein EA et al (2005) Designing the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). J Natl Cancer Inst 97(2):94-102
Ghosh J (2004) Rapid induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by selenium: reversal by metabolites of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 315(3):624-635
Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW et al (1996) Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 276(24):1957-1963
Reid ME, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Garland L, Turnbull BW, Clark LC, Marshall JR (2002) Selenium supplementation and lung cancer incidence: an update of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11(11):1285-1291
Zhuo H, Smith AH, Steinmaus C (2004) Selenium and lung cancer: a quantitative analysis of heterogeneity in the current epidemiological literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(5):771-778
Shureiqi I, Lippman SM (2001) Lipoxygenase modulation to reverse carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 61(17):6307-6312
Muller R (2004) Crosstalk of oncogenic and prostanoid signaling pathways. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 130(8):429-444
Meyer AM, Dwyer-Nield LD, Hurteau GJ et al (2004) Decreased lung tumorigenesis in mice genetically deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2. Carcinogenesis 25(8):1517-1524
Riedl K, Krysan K, Pold M et al (2004) Multifaceted roles of cyclooxygenase-2 in lung cancer. Drug Resist Updat 7(3):169-184
Yamaki T, Endoh K, Miyahara M et al (2004) Prostaglandin E2 activates Src signaling in lung adenocarcinoma cell via EP3. Cancer Lett 214(1):115-120
Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB (2004) Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor celecoxib abrogates activation of cigarette smoke-induced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB by suppressing activation of IkappaBalpha kinase in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: correlation with suppression of cyclin D1, COX-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Cancer Res 64(14):5004-5012
Kisley LR, Barrett BS, Dwyer-Nield LD, Bauer AK, Thompson DC, Malkinson AM (2002) Celecoxib reduces pulmonary inflammation but not lung tumorigenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis 23(10):1653-1660
Edelman MJ, Watson D, Wang X et al (2008) Eicosanoid modulation in advanced lung cancer: cyclooxygenase-2 expression is a positive predictive factor for celecoxib + chemotherapy - Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 30203. J Clin Oncol 26(6):848-855
Mao JT, Fishbein MC, Adams B et al (2006) Celecoxib decreases Ki-67 proliferative index in active smokers. Clin Cancer Res 12(1):314-320
Nie D, Lamberti M, Zacharek A et al (2000) Thromboxane A(2) regulation of endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267(1):245-251
Keith RL, Miller YE, Hudish TM et al (2004) Pulmonary prostacyclin synthase overexpression chemoprevents tobacco smoke lung carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Res 64(16):5897-5904
Zhou W, Hashimoto K, Goleniewska K et al (2007) Prostaglandin I2 analogs inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production and T cell stimulatory function of dendritic cells. J Immunol 178(2):702-710
Nana-Sinkam SP, Lee JD, Sotto-Santiago S et al (2007) Prostacyclin prevents pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175(7):676-685
Ding Y, Tong M, Liu S, Moscow JA, Tai HH (2005) NAD+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) behaves as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 26(1):65-72
Backlund MG, Mann JR, Holla VR et al (2005) 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is down-regulated in colorectal cancer. J Biol Chem 280(5):3217-3223
Huang G, Eisenberg R, Yan M et al (2008) 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is a target of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta and a tumor suppressor in lung cancer. Cancer Res 68(13):5040-5048
Rioux N, Castonguay A (1998) Prevention of NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice by acetylsalicylic acid and NS-398. Cancer Res 58(23):5354-5360
Gunning WT, Kramer PM, Steele VE, Pereira MA (2002) Chemoprevention by lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathway inhibitors of vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors in mice. Cancer Res 62(15):4199-4201
Schroeder CP, Yang P, Newman RA, Lotan R (2007) Simultaneous inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX activities augments growth arrest and death of premalignant and malignant human lung cell lines. J Exp Ther Oncol 6(3):183-192
Mao JT, Tsu IH, Dubinett SM et al (2004) Modulation of pulmonary leukotriene B4 production by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and lipopolysaccharide. Clin Cancer Res 10(20):6872-6878
Mao JT, Roth MD, Serio KJ et al (2003) Celecoxib modulates the capacity for prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-10 production in alveolar macrophages from active smokers. Clin Cancer Res 9(16 Pt 1):5835-5841
Ye YN, Liu ES, Shin VY, Wu WK, Cho CH (2004) The modulating role of nuclear factor-kappaB in the action of alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and cross-talk between 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in colon cancer growth induced by 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 311(1):123-130
Hong J, Bose M, Ju J et al (2004) Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by curcumin and related beta-diketone derivatives: effects on cytosolic phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase. Carcinogenesis 25(9):1671-1679
Ju J, Liu Y, Hong J, Huang MT, Conney AH, Yang CS (2003) Effects of green tea and high-fat diet on arachidonic acid metabolism and aberrant crypt foci formation in an azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis mouse model. Nutr Cancer 46(2):172-178
Yu R, Jiao JJ, Duh JL, Gudehithlu K, Tan TH, Kong AN (1997) Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by green tea polyphenols: potential signaling pathways in the regulation of antioxidant-responsive element-mediated phase II enzyme gene expression. Carcinogenesis 18(2):451-456
Chen YQ, Duniec ZM, Liu B et al (1994) Endogenous 12(S)-HETE production by tumor cells and its role in metastasis. Cancer Res 54(6):1574-1579
Grossi IM, Fitzgerald LA, Umbarger LA et al (1989) Bidirectional control of membrane expression and/or activation of the tumor cell IRGpIIb/IIIa receptor and tumor cell adhesion by lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. Cancer Res 49(4):1029-1037
Shureiqi I, Jiang W, Zuo X et al (2003) The 15-lipoxygenase-1 product 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid down-regulates PPAR-delta to induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(17):9968-9973
Hsi LC, Xi X, Lotan R, Shureiqi I, Lippman SM (2004) The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid induces apoptosis via induction of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 64(23):8778-8781
Gonzalez AL, Roberts RL, Massion PP, Olson SJ, Shyr Y, Shappell SB (2004) 15-Lipoxygenase-2 expression in benign and neoplastic lung: an immunohistochemical study and correlation with tumor grade and proliferation. Hum Pathol 35(7):840-849
Kudryavtsev IA, Golenko OD, Gudkova MV, Myasishcheva NV (2002) Arachidonic acid metabolism in growth control of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Biochemistry (Mosc) 67(9):1021-1026
Shankaranarayanan P, Nigam S (2003) IL-4 induces apoptosis in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells: evidence for the pivotal role of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid binding to activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription factor. J Immunol 170(2):887-894
Spanbroek R, Hildner M, Kohler A et al (2001) IL-4 determines eicosanoid formation in dendritic cells by down-regulation of 5-lipoxygenase and up-regulation of 15-lipoxygenase 1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(9):5152-5157
Profita M, Sala A, Siena L et al (2002) Leukotriene B4 production in human mononuclear phagocytes is modulated by interleukin-4-induced 15-lipoxygenase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300(3):868-875
Munger KA, Montero A, Fukunaga M et al (1999) Transfection of rat kidney with human 15-lipoxygenase suppresses inflammation and preserves function in experimental glomerulonephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(23):13375-13380
Cappuzzo F, Hirsch FR, Rossi E et al (2005) Epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(9):643-655
Merrick DT, Kittelson J, Winterhalder R et al (2006) Analysis of c-ErbB1/epidermal growth factor receptor and c-ErbB2/HER-2 expression in bronchial dysplasia: evaluation of potential targets for chemoprevention of lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12(7 Pt 1):2281-2288
Dannenberg AJ, Lippman SM, Mann JR, Subbaramaiah K, DuBois RN (2005) Cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor: pharmacologic targets for chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol 23(2):254-266
Chen Z, Zhang X, Li M et al (2004) Simultaneously targeting epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and cyclooxygenase-2, an efficient approach to inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 10(17):5930-5939
Lonardo F, Dragnev KH, Freemantle SJ et al (2002) Evidence for the epidermal growth factor receptor as a target for lung cancer prevention. Clin Cancer Res 8(1):54-60
Izzo JG, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Liu DD et al (2003) Cyclin D1 genotype, response to biochemoprevention, and progression rate to upper aerodigestive tract cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(3):198-205
Petty WJ, Dragnev KH, Memoli VA et al (2004) Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition represses cyclin D1 in aerodigestive tract cancers. Clin Cancer Res 10(22):7547-7554
Pitha-Rowe I, Petty WJ, Feng Q et al (2004) Microarray analyses uncover UBE1L as a candidate target gene for lung cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res 64(21):8109-8115
Dragnev KH, Pitha-Rowe I, Ma Y et al (2004) Specific chemopreventive agents trigger proteasomal degradation of G1 cyclins: implications for combination therapy. Clin Cancer Res 10(7):2570-2577
Sueoka N, Lee HY, Wiehle S et al (2000) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 activates programmed cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncogene 19(38):4432-4436
Lee HY, Moon H, Chun KH et al (2004) Effects of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH66336 on Akt expression and apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(20):1536-1548
Pold M, Krysan K, Pold A et al (2004) Cyclooxygenase-2 modulates the insulin-like growth factor axis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 64(18):6549-6555
West KA, Linnoila IR, Belinsky SA, Harris CC, Dennis PA (2004) Tobacco carcinogen-induced cellular transformation increases activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/Akt pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 64(2):446-451
Tsao AS, McDonnell T, Lam S et al (2003) Increased phospho-AKT (Ser(473)) expression in bronchial dysplasia: implications for lung cancer prevention studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(7):660-664
Chun KH, Kosmeder JW 2nd, Sun S et al (2003) Effects of deguelin on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and apoptosis in premalignant human bronchial epithelial cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(4):291-302
Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Iijima K, Wang M, Hecht SS (1999) Effects of anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene on human small airway epithelial cells and the protective effects of myo-inositol. Carcinogenesis 20(1):139-145
Bren-Mattison Y, Van Putten V, Chan D, Winn R, Geraci MW, Nemenoff RA (2005) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR(gamma)) inhibits tumorigenesis by reversing the undifferentiated phenotype of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). Oncogene 24(8):1412-1422
Wick M, Hurteau G, Dessev C et al (2002) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs mediating cyclooxygenase-independent inhibition of lung cancer cell growth. Mol Pharmacol 62(5):1207-1214
Govindarajan R, Ratnasinghe L, Simmons DL et al (2007) Thiazolidinediones and the risk of lung, prostate, and colon cancer in patients with diabetes. J Clin Oncol 25(12):1476-1481
Hazra S, Batra RK, Tai HH, Sharma S, Cui X, Dubinett SM (2007) Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone decrease prostaglandin E2 in non-small-cell lung cancer cells by up-regulating 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Mol Pharmacol 71(6):1715-1720
Nemenoff R, Meyer AM, Hudish TM et al (2008) Prostacyclin prevents murine lung cancer independent of the membrane receptor by activation of peroxisomal proliferator - activated receptor gamma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 1(5):349-356
Han S, Rivera HN, Roman J (2005) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands inhibit alpha5 integrin gene transcription in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 32(4):350-359
Chang TH, Szabo E (2002) Enhanced growth inhibition by combination differentiation therapy with ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and inhibitors of histone deacetylase in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Clin Cancer Res 8(4):1206-1212
Blaine SA, Meyer AM, Hurteau G et al (2005) Targeted over-expression of mPGES-1 and elevated PGE2 production is not sufficient for lung tumorigenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis 26(1):209-217
Belinsky SA (2005) Silencing of genes by promoter hypermethylation: key event in rodent and human lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 26(9):1481-1487
Suzuki M, Sunaga N, Shames DS, Toyooka S, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (2004) RNA interference-mediated knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 1 leads to promoter demethylation and gene re-expression in human lung and breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 64(9):3137-3143
Desai D, Das A, Cohen L, el-Bayoumy K, Amin S (2003) Chemopreventive efficacy of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) against 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in female A/J mice. Anticancer Res 23(1A):499-503
Wang S, Yan-Neale Y, Fischer D et al (2003) Histone deacetylase 1 represses the small GTPase RhoB expression in human nonsmall lung carcinoma cell line. Oncogene 22(40):6204-6213
Suh YA, Lee HY, Virmani A et al (2002) Loss of retinoic acid receptor beta gene expression is linked to aberrant histone H3 acetylation in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 62(14):3945-3949
Youssef EM, Lotan D, Issa JP et al (2004) Hypermethylation of the retinoic acid receptor-beta(2) gene in head and neck carcinogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 10(5):1733-1742
Zhu WG, Lakshmanan RR, Beal MD, Otterson GA (2001) DNA methyltransferase inhibition enhances apoptosis induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Cancer Res 61(4):1327-1333
Zou CP, Kurie JM, Lotan D, Zou CC, Hong WK, Lotan R (1998) Higher potency of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide than all-trans-retinoic acid in induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 4(5):1345-1355
Belinsky SA, Klinge DM, Stidley CA et al (2003) Inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation prevents murine lung cancer. Cancer Res 63(21):7089-7093
Suzuki S, Higuchi M, Proske RJ, Oridate N, Hong WK, Lotan R (1999) Implication of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species, cytochrome C and caspase-3 in N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced apoptosis in cervical carcinoma cells. Oncogene 18(46):6380-6387
Sun SY, Schroeder CP, Yue P, Lotan D, Hong WK, Lotan R (2005) Enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in NSCLC cell lines by combination of celecoxib and 4HPR at clinically relevant concentrations. Cancer Biol Ther 4(4):407-413
Sun SY, Hail N Jr, Lotan R (2004) Apoptosis as a novel target for cancer chemoprevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(9):662-672
Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Robertson C, Bonanni B et al (2006) Preliminary results on safety and activity of a randomized, double-blind, 2 x 2 trial of low-dose tamoxifen and fenretinide for breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 24(1):129-135
Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Sabichi AL (1998) Cancer chemoprevention: progress and promise. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(20):1514-1528
Seki Y, Suzuki N, Imaizumi M et al (2004) STAT3 and MAPK in human lung cancer tissues and suppression of oncogenic growth by JAB and dominant negative STAT3. Int J Oncol 24(4):931-934
Liu X, Yue P, Zhou Z, Khuri FR, Sun SY (2004) Death receptor regulation and celecoxib-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(23):1769-1780
Lubet RA, Zhang Z, Wang Y, You M (2004) Chemoprevention of lung cancer in transgenic mice. Chest 125(5 Suppl):144S-147S
Dauer DJ, Ferraro B, Song L et al (2005) Stat3 regulates genes common to both wound healing and cancer. Oncogene 24(21):3397-3408
Swanton C (2004) Cell-cycle targeted therapies. Lancet Oncol 5(1):27-36
Wislez M, Spencer ML, Izzo JG et al (2005) Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin reverses alveolar epithelial neoplasia induced by oncogenic K-ras. Cancer Res 65(8):3226-3235
Abbruzzese JL, Lippman SM (2004) The convergence of cancer prevention and therapy in early-phase clinical drug development. Cancer Cell 6(4):321-326
Keith R et al. (2009) Oral Iloprost improves endobronchial dysplasia in formers smokers. J Thorac Oncol IASLC meeting; #7753
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Peled, N., Keith, R.L., Hirsch, F.R. (2010). Lung Cancer Prevention. In: Stewart, D. (eds) Lung Cancer. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-523-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-524-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)