Skip to main content

Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Obesity and Diabetes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 2407 Accesses

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Caballero B. Introduction. Symposium: obesity in developing countries: biological and ecological factors. J Nutr 2001; 131(3):866S–870S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Shah B, Sucher K, Hollenbeck CB. Comparison of ideal body weight equations and published height-weight tables with body mass index tables for healthy adults in the United States. Nutr Clin Pract 2006; 21(3):312–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW, Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(15):1097–1105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Banerji MA, Lebowitz J, Chaiken RL, Gordon D, Kral JG, Lebovitz HE. Relationship of visceral adipose tissue and glucose disposal is independent of sex in black NIDDM subjects. Am J Physiol 1997; 273(2 Pt 1):E425–E432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158(17):1855–1867.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kiernan M, Winkleby MA. Identifying patients for weight-loss treatment: an empirical evaluation of the NHLBI obesity education initiative expert panel treatment recommendations. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(14):2169–2176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Janiszewski DA, Janssen I, Ross R. Does waist circumference predict diabetes and cardiovascular disease beyond commonly evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors?. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(12):3105–3109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(3):694–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004; 363(9403):157–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(18):2074–2079.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. McTigue KM, Harris R, Hemphill B, et al. et al Screening and interventions for obesity in adults: summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(11):933–949.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. Monogenic obesity in humans. Annu Rev Med 2005; 56:443–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Farooqi IS, Wangensteen T, Collins S, et alet al. Clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of congenital deficiency of the leptin receptor. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(3):237–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Yeo GS, Lank EJ, Cheetham T, O’Rahilly S. Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(12):1085–1095.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA 2003; 289(2):187–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al.et al Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. Risk within the ‘normal’ weight range. JAMA 1995; 273(6):461–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 1994; 17(9):961–969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122(7):481–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bray GA, Ryan DH. Medical approaches to treatment of the obese patient. In: Mantzoros C.S., editor. Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa: Humana; 2006, pp. 457–469.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Hill JO. Understanding and addressing the epidemic of obesity: an energy balance perspective. Endocr Rev 2006; 27(7):750–761.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Li Z, Maglione M, Tu W, et alet al. Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142(7):532–546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et alet al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(6):393–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Thompson WG, Cook DA, Clark MM, Bardia A, Levine JA. Treatment of obesity. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82(1):93–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bray GA, Gray DS. Treatment of obesity: an overview. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988; 4(7):653–679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lantigua RA, Amatruda JM, Biddle TL, Forbes GB, Lockwood DH. Cardiac arrhythmias associated with a liquid protein diet for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 1980; 303(13):735–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Willett WC. Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. Obes Rev 2002; 3(2):59–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Howard BV, Van HL, Hsia J, et alet al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006; 295(6):655–666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2002; 287(18):2414–2423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Millan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et alet al. Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166(14):1466–1475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Sinclair KB, Seger-Shippee LG, Feldman HA, Ludwig DS. Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81(5):976–982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Atkins R. Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution. New York: Avon Books, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Agatston A. The South Beach Diet: The Delicious, Doctor-Designed, Foolproof Plan for Fast and Healthy Weight Loss. New York: Random House, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et alet al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166(3):285–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Denke MA. Metabolic effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88(1):59–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293(1):43–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Hill JO, Seagle H. Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98(4):408–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et alet al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292(12):1440–1446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, et al. Corella D, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145(1):1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Osterdahl M, Kocturk T, Koochek A, Wandell PE. Effects of a short-term intervention with a paleolithic diet in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008; 62(5):682–685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lindeberg S, Jonsson T, Granfeldt Y, et alet al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia 2007; 50(9):1795–1807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, et alet al. Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76(6):1261–1271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fung TT, McCullough M, van Dam RM, Hu FB. A prospective study of overall diet quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(7):1753–1757.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi T, Azizi F. Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(12):2823–2831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Garrow JS, Summerbell CD. Meta-analysis: effect of exercise, with or without dieting, on the body composition of overweight subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49(1):1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wing RR. Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31(11 Suppl):S547–S552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Curioni CC, Lourenco PM. Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29(10):1168–1174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(26):2694–2703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Schoeller DA, Shay K, Kushner RF. How much physical activity is needed to minimize weight gain in previously obese women?. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66(3):551–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Weinsier RL, Hunter GR, Desmond RA, Byrne NM, Zuckerman PA, Darnell BE. Free-living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a normal body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75(3):499–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Saris WH, Blair SN, van Baak MA, et alet al. How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement. Obes Rev 2003; 4(2):101–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 335(7631):1194–1199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. James WP, Astrup A, Finer N, et al.et al Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: a randomised trial. STORM Study Group. Sibutramine Trial of Obesity Reduction and Maintenance. Lancet 2000; 356(9248):2119–2125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Bray GA, Blackburn GL, et al. Ferguson JM, et al. Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Obes Res 1999; 7(2):189–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. O’Meara S, Riemsma R, Shirran L, Mather L, ter Riet G. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of orlistat used for the management of obesity. Obes Rev 2004; 5(1):51–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjostrom L. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(1):155–161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ravinet TC, Delgorge C, Menet C, Arnone M, Soubrie P. CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout in mice leads to leanness, resistance to diet-induced obesity and enhanced leptin sensitivity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(4):640–648.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, Ziegler O, Rossner S. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet 2005; 365(9468):1389–1397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pi-Sunyer FX, Aronne LJ, Heshmati HM, Devin J, Rosenstock J. Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients: RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 295(7):761–775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Despres JP, Golay A, Sjostrom L. Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(20):2121–2134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Scheen AJ, Finer N, Hollander P, Jensen MD, Van Gaal LF. Efficacy and tolerability of rimonabant in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 2006; 368(9548):1660–1672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Haddock CK, Poston WS, Dill PL, Foreyt JP, Ericsson M. Pharmacotherapy for obesity: a quantitative analysis of four decades of published randomized clinical trials. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26(2):262–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Anderson JW, Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Gadde KM, McKenney J, O’Neil PM. Bupropion SR enhances weight loss: a 48-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Obes Res 2002; 10(7):633–641.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Croft H, Houser TL, Jamerson BD, et alet al. Effect on body weight of bupropion sustained-release in patients with major depression treated for 52 weeks. Clin Ther 2002; 24(4):662–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jain AK, Kaplan RA, Gadde KM, et al Bupropion SR vs. placebo for weight loss in obese patients with depressive symptoms. Obes Res 2002; 10(10):1049–1056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gadde KM, Franciscy DM, Wagner HR, Krishnan KR. Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289(14):1820–1825.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Foster GD, et alet al. Sertraline and relapse prevention training following treatment by very-low-calorie diet: a controlled clinical trial. Obes Res 1995; 3(6):549–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lambert PD, Anderson KD, Sleeman MW, et alet al. Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates leptin-like pathways and reduces body fat, without cachexia or rebound weight gain, even in leptin-resistant obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98(8):4652–4657.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ettinger MP, Littlejohn TW, Schwartz SL, et alet al. Recombinant variant of ciliary neurotrophic factor for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized, dose-ranging study. JAMA 2003; 289(14):1826–1832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Cooke D, Bloom S. The obesity pipeline: current strategies in the development of anti-obesity drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5(11):919–931.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Biddinger SB, Hernandez-Ono A, Rask-Madsen C, et alet al. Hepatic insulin resistance is sufficient to produce dyslipidemia and susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2008; 7(2):125–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med 1999; 16(5):442–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285(19):2486–2497.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, et alet al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003; 9(3):237–252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome – a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006; 23(5):469–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindstrom J, et alet al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(4):805–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Mehta R, Rojas R, Gomez-Perez FJ, Olaiz G, Rull JA. Management of the metabolic syndrome as a strategy for preventing the macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes: controversial issues. Curr Diabetes Rev 2005; 1(2):145–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et alet al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(18):1343–1350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2008. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(Suppl 1):S12–S54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. The DECODE study group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis of Diagnostic criteria in Europe. Lancet 1999; 354(9179):617–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Tominaga M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, Igarashi K, Kato T, Sekikawa A. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22(6):920–924.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ko GT, Chan JC, Woo J, et alet al. The reproducibility and usefulness of the oral glucose tolerance test in screening for diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Clin Biochem 1998; 35 (Pt 1):62–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14):977–986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352(9131):837–853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Tsuji I, Nakamoto K, Hasegawa T, et alet al. Receiver operating characteristic analysis on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and fructosamine on diabetes screening. Diabetes Care 1991; 14(11):1075–1077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Rohlfing CL, Little RR, Wiedmeyer HM, et alet al. Use of GHb (HbA1c) in screening for undiagnosed diabetes in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(2):187–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Barr RG, Nathan DM, Meigs JB, Singer DE. Tests of glycemia for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137(4):263–272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(Suppl 1):S42–S47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Davidson MB, Schriger DL, Peters AL, Lorber B. Relationship between fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin: potential for false-positive diagnoses of type 2 diabetes using new diagnostic criteria. JAMA 1999; 281(13):1203–1210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15(7):539–553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4–7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1992; 15(7):815–819.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138(3):212–214.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Lebovitz HE, Austin MM, Blonde L, et alet al. ACE/AACE consensus conference on the implementation of outpatient management of diabetes mellitus: consensus conference recommendations. Endocr Pract 2006; 12(Suppl 1):6–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: the AACE system of intensive diabetes self-management – 2000 update. Endocr Pract 2000; 6(1):43–84.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et alet al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321(7258):405–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Dixon JB, O’Brien PE, Playfair J, et alet al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299(3):316–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146(1):ITC1–ITC15.

    Google Scholar 

  98. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(Suppl 1):S48–S65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, Colagiuri S. Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(8):2261–2267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Boule NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA 2001; 286(10):1218–1227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, et alet al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25(10):1729–1736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, et alet al. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25(12):2335–2341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, et alet al. Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(1):3–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(24):2457–2471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2007; 298(10):1189–1195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Lago RM, Singh PP, Nesto RW. Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007; 370(9593):1129–1136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et alet al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes - an interim analysis. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(1):28–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2007; 298(10):1180–1188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Schwartz AV, Sellmeyer DE, Vittinghoff E, et alet al. Thiazolidinedione use and bone loss in older diabetic adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(9):3349–3354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, Sanchez M, Mickel C, Williams-Herman DE. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(12):2632–2637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Liu J, Wu M, Meininger G. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(12):2638–2643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rosenstock J, Brazg R, Andryuk PJ, Lu K, Stein P. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2006; 28(10):1556–1568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, Mihm MJ, Widel MH, Brodows RG. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143(8):559–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ratner RE, Want LL, Fineman MS, et alet al. Adjunctive therapy with the amylin analogue pramlintide leads to a combined improvement in glycemic and weight control in insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2002; 4(1):51–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hollander PA, Levy P, Fineman MS, et alet al. Pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(3):784–790.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Nathan DM. Thiazolidinediones for initial treatment of type 2 diabetes? N Engl J Med 2006; 355(23):2477–2480.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et alet al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(8):1963–1972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et alet al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: update regarding the thiazolidinediones. Diabetologia 2008; 51(1):8–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Garber AJ, Larsen J, Schneider SH, Piper BA, Henry D. Simultaneous glyburide/metformin therapy is superior to component monotherapy as an initial pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2002; 4(3):201–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Dailey GE, III, Noor MA, Park JS, Bruce S, Fiedorek FT. Glycemic control with glyburide/metformin tablets in combination with rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Med 2004; 116(4):223–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Schwartz S, Sievers R, Strange P, Lyness WH, Hollander P. Insulin 70/30 mix plus metformin versus triple oral therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes after failure of two oral drugs: efficacy, safety, and cost analysis. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(8):2238–2243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chan, J.L., Mantzoros, C.S. (2009). Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Obesity and Diabetes. In: Mantzoros, C. (eds) Nutrition and Metabolism. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-453-1_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-453-1_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-452-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-453-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics