Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome pp 245–257Cite as

Strategies for Increasing the Understanding of Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome

  • Chapter

  • 890 Accesses

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

Summary

During the past decade, there has been a resurgence in prostatitis research, most notably focused on chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. This work included epidemiological studies, evaluation of diagnostic tests, studies of the impact on quality of life and medical costs, pathogenic mechanisms, biomarkers, as well as randomized clinical trials. Despite this effort our understanding of this burdensome and enigmatic condition remains incomplete and management of patients challenging. The etiology of prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is not known, risk factors have not been well described, the pathogenic mechanism(s) are obscure, and optimal treatment strategies have not yet been identified. If advances are to be made in the coming years, then the greatest payoff may come from a concerted effort to identify the cause(s) and risk factors for this condition and to develop and validate accurate phenotypes of those with the syndrome. With this knowledge, rationale selection of potential therapeutic agents may be possible to evaluate in well-designed randomized clinical trials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Krieger, J. N., Nyberg, L., and Nickel, J. C. (1999) NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 282, 236–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Dimitrakov, J. D., Kaplan, S. A., Kroenke, K., et al. (2006) Management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: An evidence-based approach. Urology 67, 881–888.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Habermacher, G. M., Chason, J. T., and Schaeffer, A. J. (2006) Prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Annu. Rev. Med. 57, 195–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hua, V. N., Williams, D. H., and Schaeffer, A. J. (2005) Role of bacteria in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Curr. Urol. Rep. 6, 300–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. McNaughton Collins, M., MacDonald, R., and Wilt, T. J. (2000) Diagnosis and treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis: A systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med. 133, 367–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Report on Investigating New Pathways to Discovery. Chronic Pelvic Pain/Chronic Prostatitis Scientific Workshop-October 19–21, 2005. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schaeffer, A. J. (2006) Chronic prostatitis and the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 1690–1698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Litwin, M. S., Pontari, M. A., Alexander, R. B., et al. (1999) The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index: Development and validation of a new outcome measure. J. Urol. 162, 369–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. McNaughton Collins, M., O'Leary, M. P., Calhoun, E. A., et al. (2001) The Spanish National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index: Translation and linguistic validation. J. Urol. 166, 1800–1803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Leskinen, M. J., Mehik, A., Sarpola, A., et al. (2003) The Finnish version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index correlates well with the visual pain scale: translation and results of a modified linguistic validation study. BJU Int. 92, 251–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schneider, H., Brahler, E., Ludwig, M., et al. (2004) Two-year experience with the Germantranslated version of the NIH-CPSI in patients with CP/CPPS. Urology 63, 1027–1030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Karakiewicz, P. I., Perrotte, P., Valinquette, L., et al. (2005) French-Canadian linguistic validation of the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Can. J. Urol. 12, 2816–2823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Giubilei, G., Mondaini, N., Crisci, A., et al. (2005) The Italian version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Eur. Urol. 47, 805–811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. El-Nashaar, A. R., Fathy, A., Zeedan, A., et al. (2006) Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Urol. Int. 77, 227–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cheah, P. Y., Liong, M. L., Yuen, K. H., et al. (2006) Reliability and validity of the National Institutes of Health: Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index in a Malaysian population. World J. Urol. 24, 79–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Korrovits, P., Punab, M., Mehik, A., et al. (2006) The Estonian version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Androl. 38, 106–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Turner, J. A., Ciol, M. A., Von Korff, M., et al. (2003) Validity and responsiveness of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. J. Urol. 169, 580–583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Propert, K. J., Litwin, M. S., Wang, Y., et al. (2006) Responsiveness of he National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). Quality Life Res. 15, 299–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McNaughton-Collins, M., Joyce, G. F., Wise, M., et al. (2007) Prostatitis. In: Litwin, M. S., Saigal, C. S., editors. Urolgoic Diseases in America. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Washington, DC: US Government Publishing Office. NIH Publication No. 07–5512, pp. 9–41.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rizzo, M., Marchetti, F., Travaglini, F., et al. (2003) Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis in Italy: A prospective urology outpatient practice study. BJU Int. 92, 955–959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Nickel, J. C., Teichman JMH, Gregoire, M., et al. (2005) Prevalence, diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, and epididymitis in outpatient urological practice: The Canadian PIE Study. Urology 66, 935–940.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Clemens, J. Q., Meenan, R. T., O'Keefe, M. C., et al. (2006) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a managed care population. J. Urol. 176, 593–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Nickel, J. C., Downey, J., Hunter, D., et al. (2001) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population based study using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. J. Urol. 165, 842–845.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Roberts, R. O., Jacobson, D. J., Girman, C. J., et al. (2002) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a community based cohort of older men. J. Urol. 168, 2467–2471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kunishima, Y., Mori, M., Kitamura, H., et al. (2006) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in Japanese men: population-based study in a town in Hokkaido. Int. J. Urol. 13, 1286–1289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ku, J-H., Kim, M-E., Lee, N-K., et al. (2001) The prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men: A community-based survey. Urol. Res. 29, 108–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mehik, A., Hellstrom, P., Lukkarinen, O., et al. (2000) Epidemiology of prostatitis in Finnish men: A population-based cross-sectional study. BJU Int. 86, 443–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Clemens, J. Q., Meenan, R. T., O'Keefe, M. C., et al. (2005) Incidence and clinical characteristics of National Institutes of Health type III prostatitis in the community. J. Urol. 174, 2319–2322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Roberts, R. O., Jacobson, D. J., Girman, C. J., et al. (2004) Low agreement between previous physician diagnosed prostatitis and National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index pain measures. J. Urol. 171, 279–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cheah, P. Y., Liong, M. L., Yuen, K. H., et al. (2003) Chronic prostatitis: Symptom survey with follow-up clinical evaluation. Urology 61, 60–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kupelian, V., Wei, J. T., O'Leary, M. P., et al. (2006) Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms and effect on quality of life in a racially and ethnically diverse random sample. The Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 2381–2387.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. McNaughton Collins, M., Pontari, M. A., O'Leary, M. P., et al. (2001) Quality of life is impaired in men with chronic prostatitis. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16, 658–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Ku, J. H., Kwak, C., Oh S-J, et al. (2004) Influence of pain and urinary symptoms on quality of life in young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. Int. J. Urol. 11, 489–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ku, J. H., Kim, S. W., Paick J-S. (2005) Quality of life and psychological factors in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 66, 693–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Muller, A., Mulhall, J. P. (2006) Sexual dysfunction in the patient with prostatitis. Curr. Urol. Rep. 7, 307–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nickel, J. C., Mostafa, E., Emberton, M., et al. (2006) The beneficial effect of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily in “real-life” practice on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), quality of life and sexual dysfunction in men with LUTS and painful ejaculation. BJU Int. 97, 1242–1246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lutz, M. C., Roberts, R. O., Jacobson, D. J., et al. (2005) Cross-sectional associations of urological pain and sexual function in a community based cohort of older men: Olmsted County, Minnesota. J. Urol. 174, 624–628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Liang C-Z, Zhang X-J, Hao Z-Y, et al. (2004) Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in Chinese men with chronic prostatitis. BJU Int. 93, 568–570.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Smith, K. B., Pukall, C. F., Tripp, D. A., et al. (2007) Sexual and relationship functioning in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and their partners. Arch. Sex Behav. 36, 301–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Calhoun, E. A., McNaugton Collins, M., Pontari, M., et al. (2004) The economic impact of chronic prostatitis. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 1231–1236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Turner, J. A., Ciol, M. A., Von Korff, M., et al. (2004) Health care use and costs of primary and secondary care patients with prostatitis. Urology 63, 1031–1035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Propert, K. J., McNaughton-Collins, M., Leiby, B. E., et al. (2006) A prospective study of symptoms and quality of life in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. J. Urol. 175, 619–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Turner, J. A., Ciol, M. A., Von Korff, M., et al. (2004) Prognosis of patients with new prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome episodes. J. Urol. 172, 538–541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nickel, J. C., Downey, J. A., Nickel, K. R., et al. (2002) Prostatitis-like symptoms: One year later. BJU Int. 90, 678–681.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cheah, P. Y., Liong, M. L., Yuen, K. H., et al. (2003) Terazosin therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. J. Urol. 169, 592–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mehik, A., Alas, P., Nickel, J. C., et al. (2003) Alfuzosin treatment for chronic prostatitis/ chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Urology 62, 425–429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Berger, R. E., Krieger, J. N., Kessler, D., et al. (1989) Case-control study of men with suspected chronic idiopathic prostatitis. J. Urol. 141, 328–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Berger, R. E., Krieger, J. N., Rothman, I., et al. (1997) Bacteria in the prostate tissue of men with idiopathic prostatic inflammation. J. Urol. 157, 863–865.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hochreiter, W. W., Duncan, J. L., Schaeffer, A. J. (2000) Evaluation of the bacterial flora of the prostate using a 16S rRNA gene based polymerase chain reaction. J. Urol. 163, 127–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. True, L. D., Berger, R. E., Rothman, I., et al. (1999) Prostate histopathology and the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective biopsy study. J. Urol. 162, 2014–2018.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nickel, J. C., Alexander, R. B., Schaeffer, A. J., et al. (2003) Leukocytes and bacteria in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome compared to asymptomatic controls. J. Urol. 170, 818–822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lee, J. C., Muller, C. H., Rothman, I., et al. (2003) Prostate biopsy culture findings of men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome do no differ from those of healthy controls. J. Urol. 169, 584–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Leskinen, M. J., Rantakokko-Jalava, K., Manninen, R., et al. (2003) Negative bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings in prostate tissue from patients with symptoms of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and localized prostate cancer. Prostate 55, 105–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Daniels, N. A., Link, C. L., Barry, M. J., et al. (2005) Are urinary tract infections associated with prostatitis symptoms: results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. J. Urol. 173(Suppl), 28 (abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Pontari, M. A., McNaughton-Collins, M., O'Leary, M. P., et al. (2005) A case-control study of risk factors in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. BJU Int. 96, 559–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Soto, S. M., Smithson, A., Martinez, J. A., et al. (2007) Biofilm formation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains: relationship with prostatitis, urovirulence factors and antimicrobial resistance. J. Urol. 177, 365–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ku, J. H., Kim, M. E., Lee, N. K., et al. (2001) Influence of environmental factors on chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men: Results of a community-based survey. Urology 58, 853–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ullrich, P. M., Turner, J. A., Ciol, M., et al. (2005) Stress is associated with subsequent pain and disability among men with nonbacterial prostatitis/pelvic pain. Ann. Behav. Med. 30, 112–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Pontari, M. A., and Ruggieri, M. R. (2004) Mechanisms in prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J. Urol. 172, 839–845.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Roberts, R. O., Bergstralh, E. J., Bass, S. E., et al. (2004) Prostatitis as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Epidemiology 15, 93–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sarma, A. V., McLaughlin, J. C., Wallner, L. P., et al. (2006) Sexual behavior, sexually trans- mitted diseases and prostatitis: The risk of prostate cancer in black men. J. Urol. 176, 1108–1113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. McNaughton Colllins, M., Meigs, J. B., Barry, M. J., et al. (2002) Prevalence and correlates of prostatitis in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohort. J. Urol. 167, 1363–1366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Yang, C. C., Lee, J. C., Kromm, B. G., et al. (2003) Pain sensitization in male chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Why are the symptoms so difficult to treat? J. Urol. 170, 823–827.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hetrick, D. C., Ciol, M. A., Rothman, I., et al. (2003) Musculoskeletal dysfunction in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome type III: A case-control study. J. Urol. 170, 828–831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yilmaz, U., Rothman, I., Ciol, M. A., et al. (2005) Toe spreading ability in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. BMC Urol. 5, 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Yilmaz, U., Liu Y-W, Rothman, I., et al. (2004) Intravesical potassium chloride sensitivity test in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J. Urol. 172, 548–550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Parsons, C. L., and Albo, M. (2002) Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with prostatitis. J. Urol. 168, 1054–1057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Keay, S., Zhang C-O, Chai, T., et al. (2004) Antiproliferative factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor in men with interstitial cystitis versus chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 63, 22–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Penna, G., Mondaini, N., Amuchastegui, S., et al. (2007) Seminal plasma cytokines and chemokines in prostate inflammation: Interleukin 8 as a predictive biomarker in chronic prostatitis/ chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur. Urol. 51, 524–533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Khadra, A., Fletcher, P., Luzzi, G., et al. (2006) Interleukin-8 levels in seminal plasma in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and nonspecific urethritis. BJU Int. 97, 1043–1046

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nadler, R. B., Koch, A. E., Calhoun, E. A., et al. (2000) IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in prostatic secretions are indicators in the evaluation of men with chronic prostatitis. J. Urol. 164, 214–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Fall, M., Baranowski, A. P., Fowler, C. J., et al. (2004) EAU Guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. Eur. Urol. 46, 681–689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Schneider, H., Wilbrandt, K., Ludwig, M., et al. (2005) Prostate-related pain in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. BJU Int. 95, 238–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Abrams, P., Baranowski, A., Berger, R. E., et al. (2006) A new classification is needed for pelvic pain syndrome—are existing terminologies of spurious diagnostic authority bad for patients? J. Urol. 175, 1989–1990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Meares, E. M., and Stamey, T. A. (1968) Bacteriologic localization patterns in bacterial prostatitis and urethritis. Invest. Urol. 5, 492–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ku, J-H., Paick, J-S., and Kim, S-W. (2005) Chronic prostatitis in Korea: a nationwide survey of practicing urologists in 2004. Asian J. Androl. 7, 427–432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. McNaughton Collins, M., Fowler, F. J., Elliott, D. B., et al. (2000) Diagnosing and treating chronic prostatitis: Do urologists use the four-glass test? Urology 55, 403–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Schaeffer, A. J., Landis, J. R., Knauss, J. S., et al. (2002) Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. J. Urol. 168, 593–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Schaeffer, A. J., Anderson, R. U., Krieger, J. N., et al. (2006) The assessment and management of male pelvic pain syndrome, in McConnell, J., Abrams, P., Denis, L., Khoury, S., Roehrborn C (eds). Male lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Evaluation and Management. 6th International Consultation on New Developments in Prostate Cancer and Prostate Diseases. June 24–27, 2005. Health Publications, Paris, pp. 341–385.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Nickel, J. C., Narayan, P., McKay, J., et al. (2004) Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with tamsulosin: A randomized double blind trial. J. Urol. 171, 1594–1597.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Alexander, R. B., Propert, K. J., Schaeffer, A. J., et al. (2004) Ciprofloxacin or tamsulosin in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. A randomized double-blind trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 141, 581–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mishra, V. C., Browne, J., and Emberton, M. (2007) Role of α-blockers in Type III prostatitis: A systematic review of the literature. J. Urol. 177, 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Nickel, J. C., Downey, J., Clark, J., et al. (2003) Levofloxacin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Urology 62, 614–617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA

    John W. Kusek & Leroy M. Nyberg

Authors
  1. John W. Kusek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leroy M. Nyberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio

    Daniel A. Shoskes MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science + Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kusek, J.W., Nyberg, L.M. (2008). Strategies for Increasing the Understanding of Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. In: Shoskes, D.A. (eds) Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-472-8_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-472-8_18

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-934115-27-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-472-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation