Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Approaches to Carcinoma In Situ (CIS)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bladder Cancer

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

Abstract

Despite its traditional categorization as “superficial,” Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a high grade, flat, noninvasive bladder cancer confined to the urothelium. Bladder biopsy is required to establish a diagnosis. Cytology to examine voided or bladder wash urine can allow identification of malignant cells, but failure to recognize such cells does not rule out CIS. Options to improve cystoscopic recognition of malignant areas such as fluorescence cystoscopy and narrow band imaging are promising developments. A number of tumor markers have been developed. Most have high sensitivity, but these tests have varying specificity. The urologist must understand the implications of a negative or positive test in order to successfully integrate these tests into clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Smith JA Jr. Labasky RF, Cockett AT, Fracchia JA, Montie JE, Rowland RG. Bladder cancer clinicial guidelines panel summary report on the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1 and TIS). The American Urological Association. J Urol 1999 Nov;162(5): 1697–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Epstein JI, Amin MB, Reuter VR, Mostofi FK. The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Bladder Consensus Conference Committee. Am J Surg Pathol 1998 Dec;22(12):1435–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden A, Witjes JA, Jakse G, Nonomura N, Cheng C, Torres A, Watson R, Kurth KH. High-grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urology 2005 Dec;66(6 Suppl 1):90–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ro JY, Staerkel GA, Ayala AG. Cytologic and histologic features of superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1992;19:435–453.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee LW, and Davis E Jr. Gross urinary hemorrhage: a symptom, not a disease. JAMA 1953;153:782–784.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Varkarakis MJ, Gaeta J, Moore RH, et al Superficial bladder tumor. Aspects of clinical progression. Urology 1974;4:414–420.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sultana SR, Goodman CM, Byrne DJ, et al. Microscopic hematuria: urological investigation using a standard protocol. Br J Urol 1996;78:691–698.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Khadra MH, Pickard RS, Charlton M, et al. A prospective analysis of 1,930 patients with hematuria to evaluate current diagnostic practice. J Urol 2000;163:524–527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Golin AL and Howard RS. Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. J Urol 1980;124:389–391.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mohr DN, Offord KP, Owen RA, et al Asymptomatic microhematuria and urologic disease. A population-based study. JAMA 1986;256:224–229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zincke H, Utz DC, Farrow GM: Review of Mayo Clinic experience with carcinoma in situ. Urology 1985;26:39–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tissot WD, Diokno AC, Peters KM. A referral center's experience with transitional cell carcinoma misdiagnosed as interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2004;172:478–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Grossfeld GD, Wolf JS Jr, Litwan MS, et al. Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: summary of the AUA best practice policy recommendations. Am Fam Physician 2001;63:1145–1154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Althausen AF, Prout GR Jr, Daly JJ. Non-invasive papillary carcinoma of the bladder associated with carcinoma in situ. J Urol 1976;116:575–580.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Farrow GM, Utz DC, Rife CC. Morphological and clinical observations of patients with early bladder cancer treated with total cystectomy. Cancer Res 1976;36:2495–2501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Masood S, Sriprasad S, Palmer JH. T1G3 bladder cancer–indications for early cystectomy. Int Urol Nephrol 2004; 36:41–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Koch MO and Smith JA Jr. Natural history and surgical management of superficial bladder cancer (stages Ta/T1/Tis). In Vogelzang N, Miles BJ. (eds.) Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology. 1996; Chapter 26:405–15.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Millan-Rodriguez F, Chechile-Toniolo G, Salvador-Bayarri J, Palou J, and Vicente-Rodriquez J. Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors of primary superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 2000;163:73–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. May F, Treiber V, Hartung R, Schwaibald H. Significance of random bladder biopsies in superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2003;44:47–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Swinn MJ, Walker MM, Harbin LJ, Adshead JM, O'N Witherow R, Vale JA, Patel A. Biopsy of the red patch at cystoscopy: is it worthwhile?: Eur Urol 2004;45:471–474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fujimoto N, Haradas S, Terado M, Sato H, et al. Multiple biopsies of normal looking urothelium in patients with superficial bladder cancer: are they necessary?: Int J Urol 2003;10:631–635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. van der Meijden A, Oosterlinck W, Brausi M, Kurth KH, Sylvester R, de Balincourt C. Significance of bladder biopsies in Ta,T1 bladder tumors: a report from the EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. EORTC-GU Group Superficial Bladder Committee. Eur Urol 1999 Apr;35(4):267–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Holzbeierlein JM, Smith JA Jr. Surgical management of noninvasive bladder cancer (stages Ta/T1/CIS). Urol Clin North Am 2000 Feb;27(1):15–24; vii-viii.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mufti GR, Singh M. Value of random mucosal biopsies in the management of superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1992;22:288–293.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kiemeney LA, Witjes JA, Hiejbroek RP, et al. Should random urothelial biopsies be taken from patients with primary superficial bladder cancer? A decision analysis. Br J Urol 1994;73:164–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Yamada Y, Hayashi Y, Kohri K, et al. Random biopsy and recurrence risk in patients with bladder cancer. Jpn J Urol 1996;87:61–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lamm DL. Carcinoma in situ. Urol Clin North Am 1992a;19:499–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lamm DL: Complications of bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy. Urol Clin North Am 1992b;19:565–572.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hudson MA, Herr HW. Carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 1995;153:564–572.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Brosman SA. Experience with bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. J Urol 1982 Jul;128(1):27–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Herr HW, Wartinger DD, Fair WR, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for superficial bladder cancer: A 10-year follow-up. J Urol 1992;147:1020–1023.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Coplen DE, Marcus MD, Myers JA, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with 1 or 2, 6-week courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Analysis of possible predictors of response free of tumor. J Urol 1990;144:652–657.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Harland SJ, Charig CR, Highman W, et al. Outcome in carcinoma in situ of bladder treatment with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin. Br J Urol 1992;70:271.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dalbagni G, Rechtschaffen T, Herr HW. Is transurethral biopsy of the bladder necessary after 3 months to evaluate response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy? J Urol 1999;162:708–709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Highsaw RA, Tanaka ST, Evans CP, deVere White RW. Is bladder biopsy necessary at three or six months post BCG therapy? Urol Oncol 2003 May–June;21(3):207–209.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kipp BR, Karnes RJ, Brankley SM, et al. Monitoring intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer using fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Urol 2005;173:401–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Herr HW, Dalbagni G. Defining bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 2003;169:1706–1708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sarosdy AF, Schellhammer P, Bokinsky G, et al. Clinical evaluation of a multi-target fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2002;168: 1950–1954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Richter J, Jiang F, Gorog JP, et al. Marked genetic differences between stage pTa and stage pT1 papillary bladder cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res 1997;57:2860–2864.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Spruck CH 3rd, Ohneseit PF, Gonzalez-Zulueta M, et al. Two molecular pathways to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Res 1994;54:784–748.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kiemeney LA, Witjes JA, Verbeek AL, et al The clinical epidemiology of superficial bladder cancer. Dutch South-East Cooperative Urological Group. Br J Cancer 1993;67:806–812.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mao L, Schoenberg MP, Scicchitano M, et al. Molecular detection of primary bladder cancer by microsatellite analysis. Science 1996;271:659–662.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Citro G, et al. Identification of gains and losses of DNA sequences in primary bladder cancer by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995;12:213–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bittard H, Lamy B, and Billery C. Clinical evaluation of cell deoxyribonucleic acid content measured by flow cytometry in bladder cancer. J Urol 1996;155:1887–1891.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jones JS. DNA-based molecular cytology for bladder cancer surveillance. Urology 2006 Mar;67(3 Suppl 1):35–45; discussion 45–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Richter J, Jiang F, Gorog JP, et al. Marked genetic differences between stage pTa and stage pT1 papillary bladder cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res 1997;57:2860–2864.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sauter G, and Mihatsch MJ. Pussycats and baby tigers: non-invasive (pTa) and minimally invasive (pT1) bladder carcinomas are not the same! J Pathol 1998;185:339–341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Waldman FM, Carroll PR, Kerschmann R, et al. Centromeric copy number of chromosome 7 is strongly correlated with tumor grade and labeling index in human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:3807–3813.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Olumi AF, Tsai YC, Nichols PW, et al. Allelic loss of chromosome 17p distinguishes high grade from low grade transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Cancer Res 1990;50:7081–7083.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Degtyar P, Neulander E, Zirkin H, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization performed on exfoliated urothelial cells in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 2004;63:398–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Halling KC. Vysis UroVysion for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2003;3:507–519; Erratum in: Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2004;4:266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pycha A, Mian C, Haitel A, et al. Fluorescence in situ hybridization identifies more aggressive types of primarily noninvasive (stage pTa) bladder cancer. J Urol 1997;157:2116–2119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Troxler H, Neuheiser F, Kleinert P, et al. Detection of a novel variant human hemoglobin by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;292:1044–1047.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sarkis AS, Zhang ZF, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. p53 nuclear overexpression and disease progression in Ta bladder carcinoma. Int J Oncol 1993;3:355.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lacome L, Dalbagni G, Zuo-Feng Z, et al. Overexpression of p53 protein in a high risk population of patients with superficial bladder cancer before and after bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Correlation to clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2646–2652.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lebret T, Becette V, Burbagelatta M, et al. Correlation between p53 overexpression and response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy in a high risk select population of patients with T1G3 bladder cancer. J Urol 1998;159: 788–791.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Peyromaure M, Weibing S, Sebe P, Verpillat P, Toublanc M, Dauge MC, Boccon-Gibod L, Ravery V. Prognostic value of p53 overexpression in T1G3 bladder tumors treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. Urology 2002 Mar;59(3): 409–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hedelin H, Holmang S, Wiman L. The cost of bladder tumour treatment and follow-up. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2002;36(5):344–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Fitzpatrick JM, West AB, Butler MR, et al. Superficial bladder tumors (stage pTa, grades 1 and 2): The importance of recurrence pattern following initial resection. J Urol 1986;135:920–922.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brown FM. Urine cytology. It is still the gold standard for screening? Urol Clin North Am 2000 Feb;27(1):25–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Schrag D, Hsieh LJ, Rabbani F, Bach PB, Herr H, Begg CB. Adherence to surveillance among patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 Apr;95(8): 588–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kriegmair M, Zaak D, Stepp H, et al. Transurethral resection and surveillance of bladder cancer supported by 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence endoscopy. Eur Urol 1999;36:386–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Cina SJ, Epstein JI, Endrizzi JM, Harmon WJ, Seay TM, Schoenberg MP. Correlation of cystoscopic impression with histologic diagnosis of biopsy specimens of the bladder. Hum Pathol 2001 Jun;32(6):630–637.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mitropoulos D, Kiroudi-Voulgari A, Nikolopoulos P, Manousakas T, Zervas A. Accuracy of cystoscopy in predicting histologic features of bladder lesions. J Endourol 2005 Sep;19(7):861–864.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Walker L, Liston TG and Lloyd-Davies RW. Does flexible cystoscopy miss more tumors than rod-lens examination? Br J Urol 1993;72(4):449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Meyoff HH, Andersen JT, Klarskov P, Steven K. Flexible fiberoptic versus conventional cystourethroscopy in bladder tumor patients. A prospective study. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1988;110:237–240.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Witjes JA. Bladder carcinoma in situ in 2003: state of the art. Eur Urol 2004;45:142–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Loidl W, Schmidbauer J, Susani M, Marberger M. Flexible cystoscopy assisted by hexaminolevulinate induced fluorescence: a new approach for bladder cancer detection and surveillance? Eur Urol 2005 Mar;47(3):323–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rodriguez-Rubio F, Sanz G, Garrido S, Sanchez C, Estudillo F. Patient tolerance during outpatient flexible cystoscopy–a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing plain lubrication and lidocaine gel. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2004;38(6):477–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Palit V, Ashurst HN, Biyani CS, Elmasray Y, Puri R, Shah T. Is using lignocaine gel prior to flexible cystoscopy justified? A randomized prospective study. Urol Int 2003;71(4):389–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ho KJ, Thompson TJ, O'Brien A, Young MR, McCleane G. Lignocaine gel: does it cause urethral pain rather than prevent it? Eur Urol. 2003 Feb;43(2):194–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chen YT, Hsiao PJ, Wong WY, Wang CC, Yang SS, Hsieh CH. Randomized double-blind comparison of lidocaine gel and plain lubricating gel in relieving pain during flexible cystoscopy. J Endourol 2005 Mar;19(2):163–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chen YT, Hsiao PJ, Wong WY, Wang CC, Yang SS, Hsieh CH. Randomized double-blind comparison of lidocaine gel and plain lubricating gel in relieving pain during flexible cystoscopy. J Endourol 2005 Mar;19(2):163–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Jones JS, Patel A, Angie M, Kitay R, Sanders S. Office cystoscopy more tolerated with patient visualized real-time video monitoring. Abstract#: 94765, presented AUA Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, May 20, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Nabi G, Greene D, O'Donnell MO. Suspicious urinary cytology with negative evaluation for malignancy in the diagnostic investigation of hematuria: how to follow up?. J Clin Pathol 2004 Jun;57(6):672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Murphy WM, Crabtree WN, Jukkola AF, Soloway MS. The diagnostic value of urine versus bladder washing in patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 1981 Sep;126(3):320–322.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. McClennan BL, Oertel YC, Malmgren RA, Mendoza M. The effect of water soluble contrast material on urine cytology. Acta Cytol 1978 Jul–Aug;22(4):230–233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Andriole GL, McClennan BL, Becich MJ, Picus DD. Effect of low osmolar, ionic and nonionic, contrast media on the cytologic features of exfoliated urothelial cells. Urol Radiol 1989;11(3):133–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Halling K, King W, Sokolova I, et al. A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 2000;164:1768–1175.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Grossman HB, Messing E, Soloway M, et al. Detection of bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay. JAMA 2005;293:810–816.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lokeshwar VB, Habuchi T, Grossman HB, Murphy WM, Hautmann SH, Hemstreet GP 3rd, Bono AV, Getzenberg RH, Goebell P, Schmitz-Drager BJ, Schalken JA, Fradet Y, Marberger M, Messing E, Droller MJ. Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology: International Consensus Panel on bladder tumor markers. Urology 2005 Dec;66(6 Suppl 1):35–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lafata JE, Simpkins J, Lamerato L, et al. The economic impact of false-positive cancer screens. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:2126–2132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Irani J, Desgrandcamps F, Millet C, et al. BTA stat and BTA TRAK: A comparative evaluation of urine testing for the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 1999;35:89–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Liou LS. Urothelial cancer biomarkers for detection and surveillance. Urology 2006 Mar;67(3 Suppl 1):25–33; discussion 33–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Tetu B, Tiguert R, Harel F, et al. ImmunoCyt/uCyt +improves the sensitivity of urine cytology in patients followed for urothelial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2005;18:83–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Toma MI, Friedrich MG, Hautmann SH, et al. Comparison of the ImmunoCyt test and urinary cytology with other urine tests in the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer. World J Urol 2004;22:145–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Skacel M, Fahmy M, Brainard JA, Pettay JD, Biscotti CV, Liou LS, Procop GW, Jones JS, Ulchaker J, Zippe CD, Tubbs RR. Multitarget fluorescence in situ gybridization assay detects transitional cell carcinoma in the majority of patients with bladder cancer and atypical or negative urine cytology. J Urol 2003 Jun;169(6):2101–2105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ewing R, Tate GM and Hetherington JW. Urinary fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 1987;59:53–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Lokeshwar VB and Soloway MS. Current bladder tumor tests: does their projected utility fulfill clinical necessity? J Urol 2001;165:1067–1077.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. de Kok JB, van Balkan MR, Ruers TJ, et al. Detection of telomerase activity in urine as a tool for noninvasive detection of recurrent bladder tumors is poor and cannot be improved by timing of sampling. Clin Chem 2000;46: 2014–2015.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Dettlaff-Polora A, Matuszewski M and Schlichtholz B. Telomerase activity in urine sediments as a tool for ­noninvasive detection of bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2005;222:83–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Yoder BJ, Skacel M, Hedgepeth R, Babineau D, Ulchaker JC, Liou LS, Brainard JA, Biscotti CV, Jones JS and Tubbs RR. Reflex Uro Vysion Testing of Bladder Cancer Surveillance Patients with Equivocal or Negative Urine Cytology: A Prospective Study With Focus on the Natural History of Anticipatory Positive Findings. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007 Feb; 127(2):295–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Shinka T, Yasunari U, Aoshi H, et al. Occurrence of uroepithelial tumors of the upper urinary tract after the initial diagnosis of bladder cancer. J Urol 1988;140:745–748.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Oldbring J, Glifberg I, Mikulowski P, et al. Carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter following bladder carcinoma: Frequency, risk factors and clinicopathological findings. J Urol 1989;141:1311–1313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Holmang S, Hedelin H, Anderstrom C, et al. The relationship among multiple recurrences, progression and prognosis of patients with stages TA and T1 transitional cell cancer of the bladder followed for at least 20 years. J Urol 1995;153:1823–1827.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sadek S, Soloway MS, Hook S, et al. The value of upper tract cytology after transurethral resection of bladder tumor in patients with bladder transitional cell cancer. J Urol 1999;161:77–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Herr HW, Cookson MS, Soloway SM. Upper tract tumors in patients with primary bladder cancer followed for 15 years. J Urol 1997;156:1286–1287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Hurle R, Manzetti A, Losa A, et al. Intravesical instillation of mitomycin C in 242 patients with superficial bladder cancer at high risk of recurrence: Long-term results. Urol Int 1998;61:220–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Herts BR. Imaging for renal tumors. Curr Opin Urol 2003 May;13(3):181–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Miller EB, Eure GR, Schellhammer PF. Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma following treatment of superficial bladder cancer with BCG. Urology 1993;42:26–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Zincke H, Utz DC, Taylor WF, et al. Influence of thiotepa and doxorubicin instillation at time of transurethral surgical treatmentof bladder cancer on tumor recurrence: A prospective, randomized double blind, controlled trial. J Urol 1983;129:505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Donat SM: Evaluation and follow-up strategies for superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2003; 30:765–766.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Jones JS and Campbell SC. Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Stages Ta, T1 and Tis). Chapter 76, Campbell's Urology Vol 9, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

    J. Stephen Jones

Authors
  1. J. Stephen Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Stephen Jones .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Urology, University of Michigan Health System, E. Medical Center Dr. 1500 , Ann Arbor, 48109-0252, U.S.A.

    Cheryl T. Lee

  2. Dept. Urology, University of Michigan Health System, E. Medical Center Dr. 1500 , Ann Arbor, 48109-0252, U.S.A.

    David P. Wood

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jones, J.S. (2009). Approaches to Carcinoma In Situ (CIS). In: Lee, C., Wood, D. (eds) Bladder Cancer. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-417-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-417-9_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-988-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-417-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation