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Influence of Lifestyle Choices on Calcium Homeostasis

Smoking, Alcohol, and Hormone Therapies

  • Chapter
Calcium in Human Health

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

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Abstract

Much of the research in the area of smoking, alcohol intake, and estrogen/progesterone hormone therapies (HTs) concentrates on bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporotic risk ather than on calcium homeostasis per se. Heavy smoking and excessive alcohol intake are key risk factors for bone loss and osteoporotic fractures. However, the effect of light smoking on bone is not as clear, whereas very moderate alcohol intake has been shown to either increase BMD or not have adverse effects on bone. Nonetheless, smoking and alcohol intake affect bone turnover and calcium homeostasis, although this primarily has been observed with heavier use. Duration of smoking and alcohol use appear to be important factors in determining their negative effects on bone. Provided smoking and alcohol ingestion have not caused permanent end-organ damage (i.e., lung disease, cancer, cirrhosis, osteoporosis), deleterious effects on calcium homeostasis are apparently reversible. Coexistent lifestyle factors, such as heavy coffee drinking and physical inactivity, may also contribute synergistically to osteopenia in smokers and drinkers. Although estrogen deficiency plays a key role in osteoporosis and other menopauserelated chronic diseases, HT is often accompanied by side effects and increases the risks of breast and uterine cancer. Because of adverse effects as revealed by results from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI; increased risk of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism) and the fear of cancer, noncompliance is a major obstacle with HTs. The current thinking is that HT should not be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis, but may be indicated short-term to alleviate vasomotor symptoms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA

    D. Lee Alekel PhD, RD

  2. Physical Education, Leisure Services, School of Health, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA

    Oksana Matvienko PhD

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  1. D. Lee Alekel PhD, RD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

    Connie M. Weaver PhD

  2. Creighton University, Omaha, NE

    Robert P. Heaney MD (John A. Creighton University Professor) (John A. Creighton University Professor)

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Alekel, D.L., Matvienko, O. (2006). Influence of Lifestyle Choices on Calcium Homeostasis. In: Weaver, C.M., Heaney, R.P. (eds) Calcium in Human Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-961-5_13

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