Abstract
This chapter describes and explains the informal influence of Israeli political culture on the public policy process. I will demonstrate how informal elements are rooted in Israeli society and are an integral part of its public policy and administration. Specifically, the chapter explains the impact of a particular type of political culture, called “alternative politics” in the Israeli literature, on public policy and institutional settings. Alternative politics is based on a “do-it-yourself” approach adopted by citizens to address their dissatisfaction with governmental services. When such a mode of political culture is diffused to all sectors and levels of society, all players, including bureaucrats and politicians, are guided by short-term considerations and apply unilateral strategies that bypass formal rules either through illegal activity or by marginalizing formal rules. Hence, the notion of alternative politics is not confined only to the Israeli experience, as elements of this issue emerge as part of the dialogue about political culture in Arab countries, as well as in other societies around the world.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Aharoni, Y. (1998). The changing political-economy of Israel. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 555(1), 127–146.
Al Ramahi, A. (2008). Wasta in Jordan: A distinct feature of (and benefit for) Middle Eastern society. Arab Law Quarterly, 22(1), 35–62.
Ali, A. J., & Al-Kazemi, A. (2006). HRM in Kuwait. In P. Budhward & K. Mellahi (Eds.), Managing human resources in the Middle East (pp. 79–96). London, UK: Routledge.
Amado, G., & Brasil, H. V. (1991). Organizational behaviors and cultural context: The Brazilian “jeitinho”. International Studies of Management and Organization, 21(3), 38–61.
Arian, A. (1998). The second republic: Politics in Israel. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Batjargal, B. (2007). Comparative social capital: Networks of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists in China and Russia. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 397–419.
Barbosa, L. (2006). O Jeitinho Brasileiro: A arte de ser mais igual do que os outros [The Brazilian Jeitinho: The art of being more equal than the others]. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Elsevier.
Ben-Porat, G., & Mizrahi, S. (2005). Political culture, alternative politics and foreign policy: The case of Israel. Policy Sciences, 38(1), 177–194.
Bruno, M. (1993). Crisis stabilization and economic reform: Therapy by consensus. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Chen, X. P., & Chen, C. H. (2004). On the intricacies of the Chinese guanxi: A process model of guanxi development. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21, 305–324.
Chernichovsky, D. (1991). Lessons of the crisis in the Israeli health-care system: Key principles and proposals for reform. Jerusalem, Israel: JDC-Brookdale Institute (Hebrew).
Cohen, N. (2012). Informal payments for healthcare – The phenomenon and its context. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 7(3), 285–308.
Cohen, N. (2013). ‘We are talking about saving lives’: The welfare state, health policy and non-governability – A case study of an Israeli hospital. Social Work in Public Health, 28(6), 619–636.
Cohen, N., & Ben-Porat, G. (2008). Business communities and peace: The cost-benefit calculations of political involvement. Peace and Change, 33(3), 426–46.
Cohen, N., & Mizrahi, S. (2012). Social learning, public policy and alternative politics: Diffusion dynamics in the Israeli healthcare system. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 14(1), 26–44.
Cohen, N., Mizrahi, S., & Yuval, F. (2012). Black market medicine and public opinion toward the welfare state: Evidence from Israel. Social Policy and Administration, 46(7), 727–747.
Cunnigham, R. B., & Sarayrah, Y. (1993). Wasta: The hidden force in Middle Eastern Society. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Duarte, F. (2006). Exploring the interpersonal transaction of the Brazilian Jeitinho in bureaucratic contexts. Organization, 13(4), 509–528.
Dunfee, T. W., & Warren, D. E. (2001). Is Guanxi ethical? A normative analysis of doing business in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(3), 191–204.
El-Said, H., & McDonald, F. (2001). Institutions and joint ventures in the Middle East and North Africa. In H. El-Said & K. Becker (Eds.), Management and international business issues in Jordan (pp. 65–83). Binghamton, NY: Haworth.
Farh, J.-L., Tsui, S. A., Xin, K., & Cheng, B. S. (1998). The influence of relational demography and quanxi. Organization Science, 9, 471–498.
Fitzpatrick, S. (2000). Blat in Stalin’s time. In S. Lovell, A. Rogachevskii, & A. Ledeneva (Eds.), Bribery and blat in Russia (pp. 166–182). New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Gidron, B., Bar, M., & Katz, H. (2003). The third sector in Israel: Between welfare state and civil society. Tel Aviv, Israel: Hakibbutz Hameuchad (Hebrew).
Gold, T., Guthrie, D., & Wank, D. (2002). Social connections in China: Institutions, culture and the changing nature of guanxi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice and loyalty responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Horowitz, D., & Lissak, M. (1978). Origins of the Israeli polity. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Horowitz, D., & Lissak, M. (1989). Trouble in utopia. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Hutchings, K., & Weir, D. (2006). Understanding networking in China and the Arab world. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30, 272–290.
Kilani, S., & Sakijha, B. (2002). Wasta: The declared secret. Amman, Jordan: Arab Archives Institute.
Lachman, R., & Noy, S. (1998). A black stain on the white gown. Tel-Aviv, Israel: Ramot (Hebrew).
Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., Wang, D., & Wang, L. (2000). Effects of supervisor-subordinate guanxi on supervisory decisions in China: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11, 751–765.
Ledeneva, A. V. (1998). Russia’s economy of favours: Blat, networking and informal exchange. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lehman-Wilzig, S. N. (1991). Loyalty, voice, and quasi-exit: Israel as a case study of proliferating alternative politics. Comparative Politics, 24(1), 97–108.
Lehman-Wilzig, S. N. (1992). Wildfire: Grassroots revolts in Israel in the post-socialist era. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Levy, Y., & Mizrahi, S. (2008). Alternative politics and the transformation of society-military relations: The Israeli experience. Administration and Society, 40, 25–53.
Luo, Y. (2000). Guanxi and business. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
McCarthy, D. J., Puffer, S. M., Dunlap, D. R., & Jaeger, A. M. (2012). A stakeholder approach to the ethicality of BRIC-firm managers’ use of favors. Journal of Business Ethics, 109, 27–38.
Mellahi, K., & Wood, G. T. (2003). From kinship to trust: Changing recruitment practices in unstable political contexts. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 3(3), 369–381.
Michailova, S., & Worm, V. (2003). Personal networking in Russia and China: Blat and guanxi. European Management Journal, 21(4), 509–519.
Migdal, J. (2001). Through the lens of Israel: Explorations in state and society. Albany: SUNY Press.
Mizrahi, S. (2012). Self-provision of public services, its evolution and impact. Public Administration Review, 72(2), 285–291.
Mizrahi, S., & Meydani, A. (2003). Political participation via the judicial system: Exit, voice and quasi-exit in Israeli society. Israel Studies, 8, 118–136.
Mizrahi, S., & Meydani, A. (2006). Public policy between society and law. Jerusalem, Israel: Carmel. Hebrew.
Mizrahi, S., & Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2009). Citizens’ learning, involvement, and participation in decision-making under the democratic ethos: A theoretical framework and the Israeli experience. International Journal of Public Administration, 32(5), 438–60.
Mizrahi, S., Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Cohen, N. (2009). Trust, participation, and performance in public administration: An empirical examination of health services in Israel. Public Performance and Management Review, 33(1), 7–33.
Mizrahi, S., Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Cohen, N. (2010). Trust, participation and performance in welfare supply organizations: The case of social security organization in Israel. Public Management Review, 12(1), 99–126.
Mohamed, A. A., & Mohamad, M. S. (2011). The effect of wasta on perceived competence and morality in Egypt. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18(4), 412–425.
Neves Barbosa, L. (1995). The Brazilian Jeitinho: An exercise in national identity. In D. Hess & R. Da Matta (Eds.), The Brazilian puzzle (pp. 35–46). New York: Columbia University Press.
Schneider, F. (2007). Shadow economies and corruption all over the world: New estimates for 145 countries. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal. Retrieved on 25 April 2013 from http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/journalarticles/2007-9.
Schneider, F., & Buehn, A. (2009). Shadow economies and corruption all over the world: Revised estimates for 120 countries. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal. Retrieved on 25 April 2013 from http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/journalarticles/2007-9.
Sharkansky, I., & Zalmanovitch, Y. (1999). Improvisation in public administration and policy making in Israel. Public Administration Review, 60(4), 321–329.
Smith, P. B., Huang, H. J., Charles, C., & Torres, C. (2012). How distinctive are indigenous ways of achieving influence? A comparative study of guanxi, wasta, jeitinho, and “pulling strings”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 135–150.
Smith, P. B., Torres, C., Leongc, C. H., Budhward, P., Achouie, M., & Lebedevaf, N. (2012). Are indigenous approaches to achieving influence in business organizations distinctive? A comparative study of guanxi, wasta, jeitinho, svyazi and pulling strings. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(2), 333–348.
Sperling, D., & Cohen, N. (2012). The influence of the Israeli state economy arrangement law and Supreme Court decisions on health policy and the right to health in Israel – Neo-institutional analysis. Hukim-The Israeli Journal on Legislation, 4, 153–236.
Sprinzak, E. (1999). Brother against brother: Violence and extremism in Israeli politics from Altalena to the Rabin assassination. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Torres, C. V., & Dessen, M. A. (2008). Brazilian culture, family, and its ethnic-cultural variety. Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies, 12, 41–62.
Xin, K. R., & Pearce, J. L. (1996). Guanxi: Connections as substitutes for formal institutional support. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1641–1658.
Yahiaoui, D., & Zoubir, Y. H. (2006). HRM in Tunisia. In S. B. Pawan & K. Mellahi (Eds.), Managing human resources in the Middle East (pp. 233–249). London, UK: Routledge.
Yogev, A. (1999). Order in the chaos: Israel education policy in the post-modern era. In D. Nachmias & G. Menachem (Eds.), Public policy in Israel (pp. 291–326). Jerusalem, Israel: The Israeli Democracy Institute (Hebrew).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cohen, N. (2015). Solving Problems Informally: The Influence of Israel’s Political Culture on the Public Policy Process. In: Dawoody, A. (eds) Public Administration and Policy in the Middle East. Public Administration, Governance and Globalization, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1553-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1553-8_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1552-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1553-8
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)