Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Rehabilitation Applications Using Virtual Reality for Persons with Residual Impairments Following Stroke

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Virtual Reality for Physical and Motor Rehabilitation

Abstract

This chapter describes current clinical evidence for the effectiveness of VR applications on upper limb recovery in individuals who have had a stroke. The chapter summarizes outcomes of upper limb rehabilitation studies using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model as a framework and describes motor learning approaches that have been used in VR simulations and interventions for upper limb recovery after stroke. The chapter includes a case study that explores how to effectively use VR/robotic technology for an individualized treatment intervention based on motor learning principles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acosta, A. M., Dewald, H. A., & Dewald, J. P. (2011). Pilot study to test effectiveness of video game on reaching performance in stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 48(4), 431–444.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adamovich, S. V., Fluet, G. G., Mathai, A., Qiu, Q., Lewis, J., & Merians, A. S. (2009). Design of a complex virtual reality simulation to train finger motion for persons with hemiparesis: A proof of concept study. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 6, 28.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adamovich, S. V., Fluet, G. G., Merians, A. S., Mathai, A., & Qiu, Q. (2009). Incorporating haptic effects into three-dimensional virtual environments to train the hemiparetic upper extremity. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 17(5), 512–520.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adamovich, S., Fluet, G. G., Tunik, E., & Merians, A. S. (2009). Sensorimotor training in virtual reality: A review. NeuroRehabilitation, 25(1), 29–44.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archambault, P. S., Chong, J. N. F., Sorrento, G., Routhier, F., & Boissy, P. (2011). Comparison of powered wheelchair driving performance in a real and in a simulated environment. Paper presented at the International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation (ICVR), 2011, Zurich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagce, H. F., Saleh, S., Adamovich, S. V., & Tunik, E. (2011). Visuomotor discordance in virtual reality: Effects on online motor control. Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering Medicine and Biological Society (EMBS), 2011, Boston (pp. 7262–7265).

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkenmeier, R. L., Prager, E. M., & Lang, C. E. (2010). Translating animal doses of task-specific training to people with chronic stroke in 1-hour therapy sessions: A proof-of-concept study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 24(7), 620–635.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boian, R., Sharma, A., Han, C., Merians, A., Burdea, G., Adamovich, S., et al. (2002). Virtual reality-based post-stroke hand rehabilitation. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 85, 64–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, L., & Winstein, C. (2006). Explicit information interferes with implicit motor learning of both continuous and discrete movement tasks after stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 30(2), 46–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broeren, J., Rydmark, M., Bjorkdahl, A., & Sunnerhagen, K. S. (2007). Assessment and training in a 3-dimensional virtual environment with haptics: A report on 5 cases of motor rehabilitation in the chronic stage after stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 21(2), 180–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buccino, G., Solodkin, A., & Small, S. L. (2006). Functions of the mirror neuron system: Implications for neurorehabilitation. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 19(1), 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, A., Blanton, S., Rowe, V., & Wolf, S. (2006). Attempting to improve function and quality of life using the FTM Protocol: Case report. Journal of Neurological Physical Therapy, 30(3), 148–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameirao, M. S., Badia, S. B., Oller, E. D., & Verschure, P. F. (2010). Neurorehabilitation using the virtual reality based Rehabilitation Gaming System: Methodology, design, psychometrics, usability and validation. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 7, 48.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celnik, P., Stefan, K., Hummel, F., Duque, J., Classen, J., & Cohen, L. G. (2006). Encoding a motor memory in the older adult by action observation. NeuroImage, 29(2), 677–684.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, L., Jia, Y., Toro, M. L., Stoykov, M. E., Kenyon, R. V., & Kamper, D. G. (2010). A pneumatic glove and immersive virtual reality environment for hand rehabilitative training after stroke. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 18(5), 551–559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dromerick, A. W., Lang, C. E., Birkenmeier, R., Hahn, M. G., Sahrmann, S. A., & Edwards, D. F. (2006). Relationships between upper-limb functional limitation and self-reported disability 3 months after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(3), 401–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, P. W., Wallace, D., Lai, S. M., Johnson, D., Embretson, S., & Laster, L. J. (1999). The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke, 30(10), 2131–2140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorkin, A. Y., Bogey, R. A., Harvey, R. L., & Patton, J. L. (2006). Mapping the neglected space: Gradients of detection revealed by virtual reality. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 26(2), 120–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erren-Wolters, C. V., van Dijk, H., de Kort, A. C., Izerman, M. J., & Jannink, M. J. (2007). Virtual reality for mobility devices: Training applications and clinical results: A review. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 30(2), 91–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, J., & He, J. (2006). Motor cortical encoding of hand orientation in a 3-D reach-to-grasp task. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS), 2006(1), 5472–5475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, J., He, J., & Tillery, S. I. (2006). Control of hand orientation and arm movement during reach and grasp. Experimental Brain Research, 171(3), 283–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, H. C., Stubblefield, K., Kline, T., Luo, X., Kenyon, R. V., & Kamper, D. G. (2007). Hand rehabilitation following stroke: A pilot study of assisted finger extension training in a virtual environment. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 14(1), 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fluet, G. G., Merians, A. S., Qiu, Q., Lafond, I., Saleh, S., Ruano, V., et al. (2012). Robots integrated with virtual reality simulations for customized motor training in a person with upper extremity hemiparesis: A case study. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 36(2), 79–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fugl-Meyer, A. R., Jaasko, L., Leyman, I., Olsson, S., & Steglind, S. (1975). The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 7(1), 13–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaggioli, A., Meneghini, A., Morganti, F., Alcaniz, M., & Riva, G. (2006). A strategy for computer-assisted mental practice in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 20(4), 503–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, S., & Castiello, U. (2006). Recovering space in unilateral neglect: A neurological dissociation revealed by virtual reality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(5), 833–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A., Korner-Bitensky, N., & Levin, M. (2007). Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review of its effectiveness for upper limb motor recovery. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 14(2), 52–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, M. K. (2005). Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: Review. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(3), 187–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, M. K., Dyar, T. A., & Dayan-Cimadoro, L. (2007). Telerehabilitation using a virtual environment improves upper extremity function in patients with stroke. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 15(1), 36–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Housman, S. J., Scott, K. M., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of gravity-supported, computer-enhanced arm exercise for individuals with severe hemiparesis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23(5), 505–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, F. C., Gillespie, R. B., & Kuo, A. D. (2007). Visual and haptic feedback contribute to tuning and online control during object manipulation. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39(3), 179–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, D., Boian, R., Merians, A. S., Tremaine, M., Burdea, G. C., Adamovich, S. V., et al. (2001). Virtual reality-enhanced stroke rehabilitation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 9(3), 308–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, S. H., You, S. H., Hallett, M., Cho, Y. W., Park, C. M., Cho, S. H., et al. (2005). Cortical reorganization and associated functional motor recovery after virtual reality in patients with chronic stroke: An experimenter-blind preliminary study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(11), 2218–2223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jebsen, R. H., Taylor, N., Trieschmann, R. B., Trotter, M. J., & Howard, L. A. (1969). An objective and standardized test of hand function. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 50(6), 311–319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jette, A. M. (2006). Toward a common language for function, disability, and health. Physical Therapy, 86(5), 726–734.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz-Leurer, M., Fisher, I., Neeb, M., Schwartz, I., & Carmeli, E. (2009). Reliability and validity of the modified functional reach test at the sub-acute stage post-stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(3), 243–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krakauer, J. W. (2006). Motor learning: Its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. Current Opinion in Neurology, 19(1), 84–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, H. I., Mernoff, S., Fasoli, S. E., Hughes, R., Stein, J., & Hogan, N. (2008). A comparison of functional and impairment-based robotic training in severe to moderate chronic stroke: A pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation, 23(1), 81–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwakkel, G., van Peppen, R., Wagenaar, R. C., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Richards, C., Ashburn, A., et al. (2004). Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: A meta-analysis. Stroke, 35(11), 2529–2539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, P., Hebert, D., Boger, J., Lacheray, H., Gardner, D., Apkarian, J., et al. (2008). A haptic-robotic platform for upper-limb reaching stroke therapy: Preliminary design and evaluation results. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 5, 15.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, Y. S., Man, D. W., Tam, S. F., & Weiss, P. L. (2006). Virtual reality training for stroke rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation, 21(3), 245–253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambercy, O., Dovat, L., Gassert, R., Burdet, E., Teo, C. L., & Milner, T. (2007). A haptic knob for rehabilitation of hand function. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 15(3), 356–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, C., Macdonald, J., & Gnip, C. (2007). Counting repetitions: An observational study of outpatient therapy for people with hemiparesis post-stroke. Journal of Neurological Physical Therapy, 31(1), 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, C. E., Wagner, J. M., Edwards, D. F., & Dromerick, A. W. (2007). Upper extremity use in people with hemiparesis in the first few weeks after stroke. Journal of Neurological Physical Therapy, 31(2), 56–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, K. E., George, S., Thomas, S., Deutsch, J. E., & Crotty, M. (2011). Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD008349.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. D., White, M. A., & Carnahan, H. (1990). On the role of knowledge of results in motor learning: Exploring the guidance hypothesis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22(2), 191–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, K. C., Hsieh, Y. W., Wu, C. Y., Chen, C. L., Jang, Y., & Liu, J. S. (2009). Minimal detectable change and clinically important difference of the Wolf Motor Function Test in stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23(5), 429–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, A. C., Guarino, P., Krebs, H. I., Volpe, B. T., Bever, C. T., Duncan, P. W., et al. (2009). Multicenter randomized trial of robot-assisted rehabilitation for chronic stroke: Methods and entry characteristics for VA ROBOTICS. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23(8), 775–783.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lum, P. S., Burgar, C. G., & Shor, P. C. (2004). Evidence for improved muscle activation patterns after retraining of reaching movements with the MIME robotic system in subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 12(2), 186–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathiowetz, V., Volland, G., Kashman, N., & Weber, K. (1985). Adult norms for the 9 hole peg test of manual dexterity. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 39(6), 386–391.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merians, A., Fluet, G. G., Qiu, Q., Saleh, S., Lafond, I., & Adamovich, S. V. (2010). Integrated arm and hand training using robotics and virtual reality simulations. Paper presented at the 8th Annual International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, Vina del Mar/Valaparaiso, Chile.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merians, A. S., Fluet, G. G., Qiu, Q., Saleh, S., Lafond, I., Davidow, A., et al. (2011). Robotically facilitated virtual rehabilitation of arm transport integrated with finger movement in persons with hemiparesis. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 8, 27.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merians, A. S., Poizner, H., Boian, R., Burdea, G., & Adamovich, S. (2006). Sensorimotor training in a virtual reality environment: Does it improve functional recovery poststroke? Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 20(2), 252–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merians, A. S., Tunik, E., & Adamovich, S. V. (2009). Virtual reality to maximize function for hand and arm rehabilitation: Exploration of neural mechanisms. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 145, 109–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merians, A. S., Tunik, E., Fluet, G. G., Qiu, Q., & Adamovich, S. V. (2008). Innovative approaches to the rehabilitation of upper extremity hemiparesis using virtual environments. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(1), 123–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piron, L., Tombolini, P., Turolla, A., Zucconi, C., Agostini, M., Dam, M., et al. (2007). Reinforced feedback in virtual environment facilitates the arm motor recovery in patients after a recent stroke. Paper presented at the International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation (ICVR), 2007, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piron, L., Tonin, P., Atzori, A. M., Zucconi, C., Massaro, C., Trivello, E., et al. (2003). The augmented-feedback rehabilitation technique facilitates the arm motor recovery in patients after a recent stroke. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 94, 265–267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piron, L., Tonin, P., Piccione, F., Iaia, V., Trevello, E., & Dam, M. (2005). Virtual environment training for arm motor rehabilitation. Presence, 16(6), 732–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piron, L., Turolla, A., Agostini, M., Zucconi, C., Cortese, F., Zampolini, M., et al. (2009). Exercises for paretic upper limb after stroke: A combined virtual-reality and telemedicine approach. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 41(12), 1016–1102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piron, L., Turolla, A., Agostini, M., Zucconi, C. S., Ventura, L., Tonin, P., et al. (2009). Motor learning principles for rehabilitation: A pilot randomized controlled study in poststroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 24(6), 501–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plautz, E. J., Milliken, G. W., & Nudo, R. J. (2000). Effects of repetitive motor training on movement representations in adult squirrel monkeys: Role of use versus learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 74(1), 27–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, V. S., & Altschuler, E. L. (2009). The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain, 132(Pt 7), 1693–1710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rand, D., Katz, N., & Weiss, P. L. (2009). Intervention using the VMall for improving motor and functional ability of the upper extremity in post stroke participants. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(1), 113–121.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remple, M. S., Bruneau, R. M., VandenBerg, P. M., Goertzen, C., & Kleim, J. A. (2001). Sensitivity of cortical movement representations to motor experience: Evidence that skill learning but not strength training induces cortical reorganization. Behavioral and Brain Research, 123(2), 133–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saposnik, G., & Levin, M. (2011). Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: A meta-analysis and implications for clinicians. Stroke, 42(5), 1380–1386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saposnik, G., Teasell, R., Mamdani, M., Hall, J., McIlroy, W., Cheung, D., et al. (2010). Effectiveness of virtual reality using Wii gaming technology in stroke rehabilitation: A pilot randomized clinical trial and proof of principle. Stroke, 41(7), 1477–1484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sathian, K., Buxbaum, L. J., Cohen, L. G., Krakauer, J. W., Lang, C. E., Corbetta, M., et al. (2011). Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: Common clinical deficits. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 25(5 Suppl), 21S–32S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schettino, L. F., Adamovich, S. V., Hening, W., Tunik, E., Sage, J., & Poizner, H. (2006). Hand preshaping in Parkinson’s disease: Effects of visual feedback and medication state. Experimental Brain Research, 168(1–2), 186–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singapogu, R. B., Sander, S. T., Burg, T. C., & Cobb, W. S. (2008). Comparative study of haptic training versus visual training for kinesthetic navigation tasks. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 132, 469–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., Hebert, D., & Reid, D. (2007). Exploring the effects of virtual reality on unilateral neglect caused by stroke: Four case studies. Technology and Disability, 19(1), 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J., Bishop, L., Gillen, G., & Helbok, R. (2011). A pilot study of robotic-assisted exercise for hand weakness after stroke. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), Zurich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, S. K., Lourenco, C. B., Chilingaryan, G., Sveistrup, H., & Levin, M. F. (2013). Arm motor recovery using a virtual reality intervention in chronic stroke: Randomized control trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 27(1), 13–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sveistrup, H. (2004). Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 1(1), 10.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, L. R., & Lee, T. D. (1992). Effects of aging and schedules of knowledge of results on motor learning. Journal of Gerontology, 47(6), 406–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. J., McCormick, D., Shawis, T., Impson, R., & Griffin, M. (2011). Activity-promoting gaming systems in exercise and rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabitational Research and Development, 48(10), 1171–1186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsirlin, I., Dupierrix, E., Chokron, S., Coquillart, S., & Ohlmann, T. (2009). Uses of virtual reality for diagnosis, rehabilitation and study of unilateral spatial neglect: Review and analysis. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12(2), 175–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tunik, E., & Adamovich, S. V. (2009). Remapping in the ipsilesional motor cortex after VR-based training: A pilot fMRI study. Proceedings of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS), 2009, Minneapolis (pp. 1139–1142).

    Google Scholar 

  • Uswatte, G., Foo, W., Olmstead, H., Lopez, K., Holand, A., & Simms, L. B. (2005). Ambulatory monitoring of arm movement using accelerometry: An objective measure of upper-extremity rehabilitation in persons with chronic stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(7), 1498–1501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volpe, B. T., Lynch, D., Rykman-Berland, A., Ferraro, M., Galgano, M., Hogan, N., et al. (2008). Intensive sensorimotor arm training mediated by therapist or robot improves hemiparesis in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 22(3), 305–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, P. L., & Katz, N. (2004). The potential of virtual reality for rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 41(5), vii–x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winstein, C. J., Merians, A. S., & Sullivan, K. J. (1999). Motor learning after unilateral brain damage. Neuropsychologia, 37(8), 975–987.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolbrecht, E. T., Chan, V., Reinkensmeyer, D. J., & Bobrow, J. E. (2008). Optimizing compliant, model-based robotic assistance to promote neurorehabilitation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 16(3), 286–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S. L., Thompson, P. A., Morris, D. M., Rose, D. K., Winstein, C. J., Taub, E., et al. (2005). The EXCITE trial: Attributes of the Wolf Motor Function Test in patients with subacute stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 19(3), 194–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S., Winstein, C., Miller, J., Taub, E., Uswatte, G., Morris, D., et al. (2006). Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke. JAMA, 296, 2095–2104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2002). Towards a common language for functioning, disability and health (ICF). Geneva. Retrieved January 5, 2013 from http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/training/icfbeginnersguide.pdf

  • Wulf, G., Landers, M., Lewthwaite, R., & Tollner, T. (2009). External focus instructions reduce postural instability in individuals with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy, 89(2), 162–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wulf, G., McNevin, N. H., Fuchs, T., Ritter, F., & Toole, T. (2000). Attentional focus in complex skill learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(3), 229–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yavuzer, G., Senel, A., Atay, M. B., & Stam, H. J. (2008). “Playstation eyetoy games” improve upper extremity-related motor functioning in subacute stroke: A randomized controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(3), 237–244.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Rutgers University, 65 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA

    Alma S. Merians & Gerard G. Fluet

Authors
  1. Alma S. Merians
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gerard G. Fluet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alma S. Merians .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel

    Patrice L. (Tamar) Weiss

  2. Department of Physical Therapy and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Emily A. Keshner

  3. School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    Mindy F. Levin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Merians, A.S., Fluet, G.G. (2014). Rehabilitation Applications Using Virtual Reality for Persons with Residual Impairments Following Stroke. In: Weiss, P., Keshner, E., Levin, M. (eds) Virtual Reality for Physical and Motor Rehabilitation. Virtual Reality Technologies for Health and Clinical Applications. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0968-1_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation