Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Single Crystals of Refractory Metals and Alloys

  • Chapter
Physical Metallurgy of Refractory Metals and Alloys

  • 501 Accesses

Abstract

The significance of single crystals is growing in science and the new technology [1], which make ever increasingly severe demands on the purity and structural perfection of crystals, since many of the physical and chemical properties of solid substances are determined to a considerable extent by these factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature Cited

  1. E. M. Savitskii, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metally, No. 5, p. 3 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  2. U. Czochralski, Z. Chem., 92:219 (1917).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. E. Schmidt and W. Boas, Plasticity of Crystals, Especially Metallic [Russian translation], GONTI (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  4. In: Growth Processes and the Growing of Single Crystals [Russian translation], IL (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  5. W. G. Pfann, Zone Melting, Wiley, New York (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  6. A. Calverley, M. Davis, and R. E. Leker, J. Scient. Instrum., 34(4):142 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. E. M. Savitskii et al., Zavod. Lab., No. 8, p. 879 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  8. D. P. Schadler, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 218(4):649 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Van Arkel, Reine Metalle, Berlin (1939).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. V. S. Emel’yanov, A. I. Evstyukhin, G. A. Leont’ev, and A. N. Semenikhin, Metallurgy and Physical Metallurgy of Pure Metals [in Russian], No. 4, Atomizdat (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Express Information, Science of Metals and Heat Treatment of Metals [in Russian], VINITI (Abstract 104) (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  12. V. D. Kuznetsov, Crystals and Crystallization [in Russian], Moscow, Gosteoretizdat (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. Lindmayr, J. J. Casey, and R. R. Garnache, J. Electrochem. Soc., No. 7, 153C (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. V. Stepanov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 29:381 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  15. A. A. Shakh-Budagov and A. V. Stepanov, Zh. Tekhn. Fiz., 29:394 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  16. B. M. Gol’tsman and A. V- Stepanov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Toplivo, No. 5, p. 49 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  17. B. M. Gol’tsman, in: Growth of Crystals [in Russian], No. III, Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, p. 408 (1961). [English translations Consultants Bureau, New York (1962), p. 289]

    Google Scholar 

  18. P. I. Antonov and A. V. Stepanov, Izv. Akad, Nauk SSSR, Neorganicheskie Materialy, 2(5):950 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. N. G. Sushkin, Teplofiz. Vys. Temp., No. 2, p. 313 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  20. In: Physical and Chemical Properties of High Purity Metals [in Russian], Izd. “Metal-lurgiya” (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  21. A. N. Holden, Physical Metallurgy of Uranium, Addis on-Wesley, Mass. (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  22. E. M. Savitskii, V. F. Terekhova, I. V. Burov, and O. P. Naumkin, Tsvetn. Metally, No. 5, p. 51 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  23. A. A. Bochvar and E. M. Savitskii, Tsvetn. Metally, Nos. 5–6, p. 99 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  24. N. L. Parr, Zone Refining and Allied Techniques, St. Martin’s Press, New York (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. W. Rutter and B. Chalmers, Canad. J. Phys., 31:15 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. B. Chalmers, Impurities and Defects [Russian translation], Metallurgizdat (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. A. Burton, J. Chem. Phys., 21:1991 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. W. G. Pfann and D. W. Hagelberger, J. Appl. Phys., 27:12 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. G. F. Barber and R. Bekin, Introduction into the Technology of Electron-Beam Processes [Russian translation], Izd. “Metallurgiya,” p. 111 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  30. H. Sell and W. Grimes, Rev. Sci. Instr., 35(1):64 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. G. F. Ivanovskii and T. N. Zagorskaya, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metally, No. 3, p. 65 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  32. A. D. Donskoi and V. V, Bashenko, Application of Electron-Beam Heating in Industry [in Russian], Izd. “Znanie,” Leningrad (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  33. P. H. Brau, A. Cochardt, and G. Comentz, Rev. Sci. Instr., 26:303 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  34. D. P. Schadler, in: The Art and Science of Growing Crystals, New York, p. 343 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  35. G. T. Hahn, A. Gilbert, and R. I. Jaffee, Refractory Metals and Alloys, Inter. Publ., New York (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  36. E. M. Savitskii and G. E. Chuprikov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Toplivo, No. 4, p. 137 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. Seel, Ultrapure Metals and Alloys, Westinghouse Engr., 24(3):94 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  38. K. H. Berthel, Phys. Stat. Sol., 5:399 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. K. H. Berthel, Phys. Stat. Sol., 5:159 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. E. M. Savitskii, Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  41. N. M. Popov, Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR, No. 1, p. 39 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  42. A. Goss, Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 66:525 (1953).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. G. Tammann, Z. Metallkunde, 21:277 (1929).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. D. T. Herl, Mechanism of the growth of metal single crystals from the melt, in: Growth Processes and the Growing of Single Crystals [Russian translation], IL (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  45. D. Walton and B. Chalmers, Trans AIME, 215:447 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. R. Palme and H. Wagner, Metall, No. 9, p. 752 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  47. G. V. Indenbaum and Yu. D. Chistyakov, Zavod. Lab., 29(2):189 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Weissmann, B. S. Lement, and M. Copen, Refractory Metals and Alloys, 17:159 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  49. J. W. Rutter and B. Chalmers, Canad. J. Phys., 31:15 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. F. D. Rosi, J. Metals, 5:1661 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. E. M. Savitskii and G. L. Tsarev, Izv. Akad. Nauk BSSR, Seriya Fiz.-Tekhn. Nauk, No. 2, p. 84 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  52. N. M. Popov, E. M. Savitskii, and G. L. Tsarev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Tekhnicheskaya Fiz., 162(1):64 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. E. M. Savitskii, G. S. Burkhanov, G. L. Tsarev, and N. N. Bokareva, Pribory Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 4, p. 248 (1965),

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. W. Pugh, Trans. AIME, 50:1072 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  55. R. Maddin and I. N. Cheng, Uspekhi Fiz. Met. [in Russian], Vol. 2, Metallurgizdat (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  56. E. M. Savitskii and N. N. Bokareva, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 159(5):1137 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. D. P. Schadler, Trans. AIME, 218(4):649 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. R. S. Koo, Acta Metallurgica, 11(9):1083 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. E. N. Andrade and Y. S. Chow, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 175:290 (1940).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. E. M. Savitskii and G. E. Chuprikov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Toplivo, No. 6, p. 167 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  61. E. M. Savitskii, G. E. Chuprikov, and A. A. Babaréko, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Gornoe Delo, No. 3, p. 166 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  62. R. A. Jeffery, G. A. Gich, and E. Smith, in: Problems of Modem Metallurgy [Russian translation], IL, No. 5, p. 139 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  63. A. T. Chyrchman, Proc. Roy. Soc., 226(1165):216 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. E. M. Savitskii, Z. A. Timofeeva, and M. A Tylkina, Obmen Opytom v Radioelektronnoi Promyshlennosti, No. 10, p. 5 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  65. E. M. Savitskii, A. A. Bobaréko, and Tao Tsu-ts’un, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Gornoe Delo, No. 1, p. 176 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  66. M. V. Klassen-Neklyudova, Mechanical Twinning of Crystals [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  67. D. W. Rhys, J. Less-Common Metals, 1(2):269 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mantariol, R. Reich, P. Albert, and G. Chandron, Compt. Rend., 238(7):815 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  69. R„ V. Honeycombe, Effect of Temperature and Alloying Additions on the Deformation of Metal Crystals, Pergamon, New York (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  70. H. Wiedersich, J. Metals, 16(3):425 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. G. Chandron, in: Ultrapure Metals [Russian translation], Izd. “Metallurgiya,” p. 134 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  72. E. M. Savitskii and N. N. Novokhatskaya, in: Growth and Imperfections of Metal Crystals [in Russian], Izd. “Naukova Dumka,” p. 144 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  73. V. J. Albano and R. R. Soden, J. Electrochem. Soc., 113:115 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. H. Hieber, B. L. Mordike, and P. Haasen, Platinum Metals Rev., 8(3):102 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. A. Calverley and D. Rhys, Nature, 183:599 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. E. M. Savitskii, Ch. V. Kopetskii, A. I. Pekarev, and M. I. No’osadov, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Toplivo, No. 6, p. 74 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  77. E. M. Savitskii, G. S. Burkhanov, Ch. V. Kopetskii, and G. E. Chuprikov, in: Transaction of a Conference on the Growth of Crystals [in Russian], Izd. “Nauka,” Vol. 6, p. 308 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  78. A. Bergheran, Metalle für die Raumfahrt, Metallwerk Plansee, A. G. Reutte/Tyrol, p. 460 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  79. G. W. Edington and R. E. Smallman, Acta Metallurgica, 13:765 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. E. M. Savitskii, G. E. Chuprikov, and A. S. Grokhochinskii, Obmen Opytom v Radioelektronnoi Promyshlennosti, No. 10, p. 1 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  81. E. M. Savitskii, G. S. Burkhanov, Ch. V. Kopetskii, N. N. Bokareva, and V. G. Kardashevskaya, Production and properties of single crystals of refractory metals and alloys, in: Investigations on Heat-Resistant Alloys [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  82. S. I. Gubkin, Working of Metals by Pressure [in Russian], Metallurgizdat (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  83. E. M. Savitskii, Plastic Properties of Magnesium and Its Alloys [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  84. J. H. Bechtold, J. Metals, 5:1469 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. E. M. Savitskii and Ta’o Tsu-ts’un, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Toplivo, No. 4, p. 133 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  86. E. M. Savitskii, V. F. Terekhova, and V. E. Kolesnichenko, in: Growth and Imperfections of Metal Crystals [in Russian], Izd. “Naukova Dumka,” p. 149 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  87. K. A. Osipov, Some Questions of Heat-Resistance Theory [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  88. E. M. Savitskii and G. L. Tsarev, in: Research on Heat-Resistant Alloys [in Russian], Izd. “Nauka,” p. 290 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  89. E. M. Savitskii and G. L. Tsarev, in: Growth and Imperfections of Metal Crystals [in Russian], Izd. “Naukova Dumka,” p. 290 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  90. E. M. Savitskii, M. A. Tylkina, A. I. Pekarev, M. A. Gavrilyuk, and A. V. Zabanova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 140(6):1301 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. K. Agte and I. Vatsek, Tungsten and Molybdenum [in Russian], Izd. “Energiya” (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  92. C. D. Smithells, Tungsten, Chemical Publishing Co., New York (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  93. E. M. Savitskii and G. E. Chuprikov, in: Rhenium [in Russian], Izd. “Nauka,” p. 110 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  94. C. S. Barrett, Structure of Metals, McGraw-Hill, New York (2nd ed.) (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  95. R. Palme, Plansee Berichte für Pulvermetallurgie, Metallwerk Plansee A. G. Reutte/Tyrol, 13:30 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. E. Rexer, Metalle für die Raumfahrt, Metallwerk Plansee A. G. Reutte/Tyrol, 394 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Express Information, Metals and Heat Treatment [in Russian], VINITI, No. 34, Abstract 170 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  98. G. N. Shuppe, Electron Emission of Metal Crystals [in Russian], Tashkent, Izd. Sredne-Aziatskogo State University (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  99. G. Smith, Phys. Rev., 94:295 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. H. F. Webster and P. L. Read, Report N 63-RL-3347 E. General Electric Research Lab.,Schenectady, New York (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  101. S. Smoluchovskii, Phys. Rev., 60:661 (1941).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. E. M. Savitskii, I. V. Burov, L. N. Litvak, G. S. Burkhanov, and N. N. Bokareva, Zh. Tekhn. Fiz., No. 7, p. 1310 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  103. M. A. Filyand and E. I. Semenova, Properties of Rare Elements (Reference Book) [in Russian], Izd. “Metallurgiya” (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  104. E. M. Savitskii, Ch. V. Kopetskii, and E. P. Arskaya, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metal-lurgiya i Gornoe Delo, No. 6, p. 129 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  105. E. M. Savitskii, G. S. Burkhanov, and N. N. Bokareva, in: Growth and Imperfections of Metal Crystals [in Russian], Izd. “Naukova Dumka,” p. 297 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  106. E. M. Savitskii, N. A. Tylkina, and K. B. Povarova, Rhenium Alloys [in Russian], Izd. “Nauka” (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  107. G. I. Federer and R. M. Steele, Nature, 205(4971):587 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. G. A. Geach and F. O. Jones, J. Less-Common Metals 1:56 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. H. Hillman, Metall, No. 2, p. 102 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  110. E. M. Savitskii, G. S. Burkhanov, and Ch. V. Kopetskii, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Gornoe Delo, No. 6, p. 12 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  111. V. E. Ivanov, I. I. Papirov, G. F. Tikhvinskii, and V. M. Amonenko, Pure and Super-pure Metals [in Russian], Izd. “Metallurgiya” (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  112. G. P. Benediktova, G. N. Dubinin, M. G. Karpman, and G. V. Shcherbedinkii, Metalleve-denie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, p. 55 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Okkerse, Philips Techn. Rev., 21:340 (1959–60).

    Google Scholar 

  114. F. Blaha, Problemy Sovremennoi Metallurgiya, No. 4, p. 108 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  115. S. S. Brenner, J. Appl. Phys., 27:1484 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. J. J. Gilman, Mechanical Engineering, 83:55 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  117. Express Information, Metallovedenie i Termoobrabotka [in Russian], VINITI, No. 4 (Abstract 12) (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Am. Metal Market, 71(168):11 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  119. D. Dimpel, Metall, No. 3, p. 211 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  120. E. M. Savitskii, G. S. Burkhanov, A. S. Grokhochinskii et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Teknicheskaya Fizika, No. 6 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  121. New Scientist, 29(489):835 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  122. J. J. Gilman, Transaction Quarterly, No. 5, p. 59 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. A. A. Baikov Institute of Technology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR

    E. M. Savitskii & G. S. Burkhanov

Authors
  1. E. M. Savitskii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. S. Burkhanov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1970 Consultants Bureau, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Savitskii, E.M., Burkhanov, G.S. (1970). Single Crystals of Refractory Metals and Alloys. In: Physical Metallurgy of Refractory Metals and Alloys. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1572-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1572-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1574-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1572-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation