Abstract
During the twentieth century, the social sciences have been riven by paradigm controversies—so much so that physical and natural scientists often view this apparent disarray as prima facie evidence that social studies do not deserve the name science. For example, behaviorist and gestalt psychologists argued past one another well into the third quarter of the century; rational choice economists and political scientists, on the one hand, and institutional economists and political theorists, on the other, have tended to turn away from one another; and physical anthropologists and quantitative sociologists can talk to one another more easily than either group can to cultural ethnologists or qualitative sociologists.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Cooperative Inquiry
- Harvard Business School
- Organizational Transformation
- Applied Behavioral
- Integrative Paradigm
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Alderfer, C. (1988). Taking our selves seriously as researchers. In D. Berg & K. Smith (Eds.), The self in social inquiry. (pp. 35–70). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Alderfer, C. (1989). Theories reflecting my personal experience and life development. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25(4) 351–364.
Alexander, C., & Langer, E. (Eds.). (1990). Higher stages of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Argyris, C. (1971). Essay review of B. F. Skinner’s Beyond freedom and dignity. Harvard Educational Review, 41(4), 550–567.
Argyris, C., Putnam, R., & Smith, D. (1985). Action science: Concepts, methods, and skills for research and intervention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Austin, J. (1997). Method for facilitating controversial social change in organizations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 33: 101–118.
Bartunek, J., & Moch, M. (1987). First-order, second-order, and third-order change and organization development interventions: a cognitive approach. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 23(3), 483–500.
Bartunek, J., Bobko, P. & Venkatraman, N. (1993). Toward innovation and diversity in management research methods. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(6), 1362–1373.
Bateson, G. (1972). “Metalogues” and “Theological categories of learning and communication.” In Steps to an Ecology of Mind. San Francisco: Chandler.
Bateson, M. C. (1984). With a daughter’s eye: A memoir of Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson. New York: HarperCollins.
Bateson, M. C. (1990). Composing a life. New York: Plume/Penguin.
Bedeain, A. (1993). Management laureates: A collection of autobiographical essays. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Behar, R. (1997). The vulnerable observer: Anthropology that breaks your heart. Boston: Beacon Press.
Benhabib, S. (1986). Critique, norm, and Utopia. New York: Columbia University Press.
Berg, D., & Smith, K. (1988). The self in social inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Bradbury, H.(1998) Learning with the natural step: Cooperative ecological inquiry through cases, theory, and practice for fustainable development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.
Bradbury, H. Bravette, G., Ludema, J., Cooperrider, D., Reason, P., & Torbert, W., Creating a transformational science: Dissertations that transform as well as inform. San Diego: Academy of Management Symposium, 1998.
Bravette, G. (1997). Toward bicultural competence: Researching for personal and professional transformation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Bath, Bath, England.
Buber, M. (1958). I and Thou. New York: Scribners.
Campbell, D., Dunnette, M., Lawler, E., & Weick, K. (1970). Managerial behavior, performance, and effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cooley, C. (1956). Two major works: Social organization, and human nature and social order. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Cook, T. & Campbell, D. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Cook-Greuter, S. (1999). Postautonomous ego development: A study of its nature and measurement. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Denzin, N. (1995). Interpretive Ethnography: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dyer, W., & Wilkins, A. (1991). Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory: a rejoinder to Eisenhardt. Academy of Management Review, 16(3), 613–619.
Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
Feyerabend, P. (1975). Against method. Thetford, England: Lowe & Brydone.
Fine, M. (1994). Working the hyphens: Reinventing self and other in qualitative research. In Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 70–82). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 70-82.
Fisher, D., & Torbert, W. R (1991). Transforming managerial practice: Beyond the achiever stage. In R. W. Woodman, & W. A. Pasmore, (Eds.), Research in organization change and development, Vol. 5. (pp. 143–173). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Fisher, D., & Torbert, W. R. (1995). Personal and organizational transformation: The true challenge of continual quality improvement. London: McGraw-Hill.
Frost, P., Pfeffer, J. & Van Maanen, J. (1995). Crossroads. Organization Science, 6, 680–692.
Gergen, K. (1994). Realities and relationships: Soundings in social construction, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grudin, R. (1996). On dialogue: An essay in free thought. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Habermas, J. (1984, 1987). The theory of communicative action, Vol. I & II. Boston: Beacon.
Hammond, S., & Ritchie, J. (1993). Models of learning, models of life: A review of Herbert A. Simon’s autobiography. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2(4), 326–330.
Harrison, R. (1995). Consultant’s Journey: A dance of work and spirit. San Francisco: Bass, 1995.
Hauser, S. (1993). Loevinger’s model and measure of ego development: A critical review II. Psychological Inquiry, 4 23–30.
Heron, J. (1988). Validity in cooperative inquiry. In P. Reason (Ed.), Human Inquiry in Action. (pp. 40–59). London: Sage.
Heron, J. (1991). Feeling and personhood: Psychology in another key. London: Sage.
Heron, J. (1996). Cooperative inquiry: Research into the human condition. London: Sage.
Howe, P. (1996, September 4). Medical schools faulted on emphasis: Low regard found for primary care. Boston Globe, p. A9.
Hunt, S. (1994). On the rhetoric of qualitative methods: toward historically informed argumentation in management inquiry. Journal of Management Inquiry, 3(3), 221–234.
Johnson, J. (1991). Habermas on strategic and communicative action. Political Theory, 19(2), 181–201.
Jourard, S. (1968). Disclosing man to himself. New York: Van Nostrand.
Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1991). Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic.
Kegan, R. (1994) In over our heads: The mental demands of modern life. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
Kirk, J., & Miller, M. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage.
Kramer, R. (1995). The birth of client-centered therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and the Beyond. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 35(4), 54–110.
Lather, P. (1993). Fertile obsession: Validity after poststructuralism. The Sociological Quarterly, 34(4), 673–693.
Lavoie, D., & Culbert, S. (1978). Stages of organization and development. Human Relations, 31(5), 417–438.
MacMurray, J. (1953). The Self as Agent and Persons in Relation. London: Faber.
Macey, D. (1993). The lives of Michel Foucault. New York: Pantheon.
March, J., & Simon, H. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.
Mead, G. (1934). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mead, M. (1960/1928). Coming of age in Samoa: A psychological study of primitive youth for Western civilization. New York: Mentor.
Mead, M. (1972). Blackberry winter: My earlier years. New York: Morrow.
Merron, K., Fisher, D., & Torbert, W. R. (1987). Meaning making and management action. Group and Organization Studies, 12(3), 274–286.
Miller, M. & Cook-Greuter, S. (1994). Transcendence and mature thought in adulthood: The further reaches of adult development. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Min, A. (1993). Red azalea: Life and love in China. London: Victor Golancz.
Mitroff, I. & Killman, R. (1978). Methodological approaches to social science: Integrating divergent concepts and theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Moon, J. (1991). Constrained discourse and public life. Political Theory, 19(2), 202–229.
Morgan, G. (1997). Images of organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Nielsen, R. (1992). “Woolman’s I am We” triple-loop action-learning: Origin and application in organization ethics. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 29, 117–138
Nielsen, R. (1996). The politics of ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pfeffer, J. (1993). Barriers to the advance of organizational science: Paradigm development as a dependent variable. Academy of Management Review, 18, 699–620.
Pondy, L., & Mitroff, I. (1979). Beyond open system models of organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 3–39.
Raine, N. (1998). After silence: Rape & my journey back. New York: Crown.
Ramsey, M. (1995). Where I stopped: Remembering rape at thirteen. New York: Putnam.
Rank, O. (1978). Will therapy: An analysis of the therapeutic process in terms of relationship. New York: Norton.
Reason, P. (1994). Three approaches to participative inquiry. In N. Denzin, & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. (pp. 324–330). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Reason, P. (1995). Participation in human inquiry. London: Sage.
Roethlisberger, F. (1977). The elusive phenomena. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Division of Research.
Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Rooke, D., & Torbert, W. (1998). Organizational transformation as a function of CEOs’ developmental stage. Organization Development Journal, 16(1), 11–28.
Schmidt-Wilk, J., Alexander, C. & Swanson, G. (1996). Developing consciousness in organizations: The transcendental meditation program in business. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10(4), 429–444.
Simon, H. (1947). Administrative behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Simon, H. (1957). Models of man. New York: Wiley.
Simon, H. (1969). The sciences of the artificial Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Simon, H. (1989). Models of thought. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Simon, H. (1991). Models of my life. New York: Basic Books.
Sjoberg, G. (Ed.), (1989). (Special issue). Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 25(4).
Skinner, B. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Knopf.
Skolimowski, H. (1994). The participative mind. London: Arkana.
Spretnak, C. (1991). States of grace: The recovery of meaning in the postmodern age. New York: HarperCollins.
Srivastva, S. & Cooperrider, D. (1990). Appreciative leadership and management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Torbert, W. & Rogers, M. (1972). Being for the most part puppets: Interactions among men’s labor, leisure, and politics. Cambridge, MA: Schenckman.
Torbert, W. (1973). Learning from experience: Toward consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press.
Torbert, W. (1976). Creating a community of inquiry. London: Wiley.
Torbert, W. (1981a). Why educational research is so uneducational: Toward a new model of social science based on collaborative inquiry. In P. Reason and J. Rowan (Eds.), Human inquiry: A sourcebook of new paradigm research. (pp. 141–152) London: Wiley.
Torbert, W. (1981b). Interpersonal competence. In A. Chickering (Eds.) The modern American college. (pp. 172–190). San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass.
Torbert, W. (1987). Managing the corporate dream: Restructuring for long-term success. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Torbert, W. (1989). Leading organizational transformation. In R. Woodman & W. Pasmore (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development, Vol. 3, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Torbert, W. (1991). The power of balance: Transforming self, society, and scientific inquiry. (pp. 83–116). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Torbert, W. (1998). Developing wisdom and courage in organizing and sciencing. In S. Srivastva & D. Cooperrider (Eds.), Organizational wisdom and executive courage. (pp. 222–253). San Francisco, CA: The New Lexington Press.
Torbert, W. R., & Fisher, D. (1992). Autobiographical awareness as a catalyst for managerial and organizational development. Management education and development, 23(3), 184–198.
Turkle, S. (1991). And machines with big ideas: A review of H. Simon’s Models of My Life. New York Times Book Review, 1.
Van Maanen, J. (1998). Qualitative studies of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Van Maanen, J. (1995). Style as theory. Organization Science 6, 133–143.
Weick, K. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Whyte, W. (1981). Street corner society: The social structure of an Italian slum (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Torbert, W.R. (2000). Transforming Social Science: Integrating Quantitative, Qualitative, and Action Research. In: Sherman, F.T., Torbert, W.R. (eds) Transforming Social Inquiry, Transforming Social Action. Outreach Scholarship, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4403-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4403-6_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6981-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4403-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive