Abstract
In solving the Schrödinger equation, when several wave functions ϕ i correspond to the same energy E, such a state is called degenerate. Degeneracy is always associated with the existence of some symmetry element. The three p functions of the hydrogen atom serve as an example. Their degeneracy is due to the fact that such a system has spherical symmetry: Rotation about any axis through the nucleus leaves the Hamiltonian invariant, while transforming the p functions into each other. Such threefold degeneracy persists even if the free atom is in an external field of cubic symmetry created, for example, by six point charges forming an octahedral pattern around the nucleus. In fact, it is readily verified that cubic group operations transform the surrounding charges into each other, i.e., they leave the Hamiltonian invariant while once again transforming the three p functions into each other. At the same time, the distortion of the octahedron along the z axis (extension or compression) decreases the symmetry from cubic to tetragonal, partially lifting the degeneracy: E(p z ) ≠ E(p x ) = E(p y ). In turn, the twofold degeneracy remaining in the tetragonal group can be lifted by orthorhombic perturbations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics, Pergamon Press, New York-Oxford (1977).
H. A. Jahn and E. Teller, Proc. R. Soc. London A161, 220 (1937).
E. Ruch and A. Schonhofer, Theor. Chim. Acta, 3, 291 (1965).
E. Blount, J. Math. Phys. 12, 1890 (1971).
S. Sigano, Y. Tanabe, and H. Kamimura, Theory of Multiplets of Transition Metal Ions in Crystals, Academic Press, New York (1970).
M. Born and R. Oppenheimer, Ann. Phys. 84, 457 (1927).
H. C. Longuet-Higgins, Adv. Spectrosc. 2, 429 (1961).
R. Englman, The Jahn—Teller Effect in Molecules and Crystals, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1972).
G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol. 3, Van Nostrand, Princeton (1966).
A. D. Liehr, J. Phys. Chem. 62, 471 (1963).
R. Renner, Z. Phys. 92, 172 (1934).
U. Opik and M. H. L. Pryce, Proc. R. Soc. A238, 425 (1957).
I. B. Bersuker, B. G. Vekhter, and I. Ya. Ogurtsov, Sov. Phys. Usp. 18, 569 (1975).
W. Moffit and W. Thorson, Phys. Rev. 106, 1251 (1956).
M. Caner and R. Englman, J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4054 (1966).
A. Ceulemens, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 5374.
W. Moffitt and A. D. Liehr, Phys. Rev. 106, 1155 (1956).
H. Uehara, J. Chem. Phys. 45, 4536 (1966).
M. C. M. O’Brien, Proc. R. Soc. London A281, 323 (1964).
F. S. Ham, Solid State Phys. 2, 1163 (1989).
R. S. Dagis and I. B. Levinson, Optics and Spectroscopy, Vol. 3: Molecular Spectroscopy [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1967), p. 3.
B. P. Martinenas and R. S. Dagis, Theor. Exp. Chem. 5, 81 (1969).
J. H. Van Vleck, Phys. Rev. 57, 426 (1940).
B. G. Vekhter, Opt. Spectrosc. 63, 130 (1987).
S. Estreicher and T. L. Estle, Phys. Rev. B 30, 7 (1984).
L. A. Rebane and O. I. Sild, in Defects in Insulating Crystals, V. M. Turkevich and K. K. Shvarts, eds. [in Russian], Riga (1981), p. 617.
P. Thalmeier and B. Luthi, in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 13 (1988).
V. Dohm and P. Fulde, Z. Phys. B. 21, 369 (1975).
I. B. Bersuker and V. Z. Polinger, Sov. Phys. JETP 39, 1023 (1974).
M. C. M. O’Brien, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 4, 2524 (1971).
W. Thorson, J. Chem. Phys. 29, 938 (1958).
B. Weinstock and G. L. Goodman, Adv. Chem. Phys. 9, 169 (1968).
I. B. Bersuker and B. G. Vekhter, Ferroelectrics, 19, 137 (1978).
R. E. Peierls, Quantum Theory of Solids, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1955).
R. H. Friend and D. Jerome, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 12, 1441 (1979).
D. A. Kirzhnits and Ya. A. Nepomnyashchiy, Sov. Phys. JETP 32, 1191 (1971).
V. A. Kochelap, V. N. Sokolov, and B. Yu. Vengalis, Phase Transitions in Semiconductors with Strain-Induced Electron-Phonon Interaction [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1984).
J. J. Hallers and G. Vertogen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 404 (1971).
C. Weber, M. Wagner, and E. Sigmund, Phys. Status Solidi (b), 141, 529 (1987).
L. M. Falikov and R. A. Harris, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 3153 (1969).
M. M. Mestechkin, Instability of the Hartree-Fock Equation and Molecular Instability [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1986).
I. Ya. Ogurtsov, Article deposited at the All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, VINITI Deposit No. 5797-B-88 (1988).
A. K. Zvezdin, V. M. Matveev, A. A. Mukhin, and A. I. Popov, Rare-Earth Ions in Magnetically Ordered Crystals [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1985).
A. K. Zvezdin, A. A. Muchin, and A. I. Popov, JETP 45, 573 (1977).
A. K. Zvezdin, A. A. Muchin, and A. I. Popov, JETP Lett. 23, 240 (1976).
E. M. Henley and W. Therring, Elementary Quantum Field Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York (1962).
F. S. Ham, in: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Plenum Press, New York (1972), p. 1.
A. Abragam and B. Bleaney, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Transition Ions, Clarendon, Oxford (1970).
S. Washimia, Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 5561 (1972).
K. Sasaki and Y. Obata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 28, 1157 (1970).
B. G. Vekhter, Sov. Phys. Solid State 15, 354 (1973).
B. G. Vekhter, in: Proceedings of the Second All-Union Conference on Solid State Physics [in Russian], Moscow (1969), p. 49.
I. B. Bersuker, Phys. Lett. 20, 589 (1966).
I. B. Bersuker and I. Ya. Ogurtsov, Adv. Quantum Chem. 18, 1 (1986).
Ya. E. Perlin and B. S. Tsukerblat, Electron-Vibration Interaction Phenomena in the Optical Spectra of Impurity Paramagnetic Ions [in Russian], Shtiintza, Kishinev (1974).
R. E. Coffman, Phys. Lett. 21, 381 (1966).
R. E. Coffman, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 609 (1968).
I. B. Bersuker, Sov. Phys. JETP 17, 836 (1963).
M. D. Sturge, in: Solid State Physics, F. Seitz, D. Turnbull, and H. Ehrenreich, eds., Academic Press, New York (1967), p. 91.
Yu. E. Perlin and M. Wagner (eds.), The Dynamical Jahn—Teller Effect in Localized Systems, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1984).
R. C. LeCraw and R. L. Comstock, in: Physical Acoustics, Vol. 3B: Lattice Dynamics, Warren P. Mason, ed., Academic Press, New York-London (1966), p. 127.
E. M. Gyorgy, M. D. Sturge, D. B. Fraser, and R. C. LeCraw, Phys. Lett. 15, 19 (1965).
E. M. Gyorgy, R. C. LeCraw, and M. D. Sturge, J. Appl. Phys. 37, 1303 (1966).
Z. A. Kazey, P. Novak, and V. I. Sokolov, Sov. Phys. JETP 56, 854 (1982).
V. V. Hyzhnyakov and N. N. Kristofell, in: The Dynamical Jahn—Teller in Localized Systems, Yu. E. Perlin and M. Wagner, eds., North-Holland, Amsterdam (1984), p. 383.
W. Ulrici, in: The Dynamical Jahn—Teller Effect in Localized Systems, Yu. E. Perlin and M. Wagner, eds., North-Holland, Amsterdam (1984), p. 439.
A. L. Natadze, A. I. Ryskin, and B. G. Vekhter, in: The Dynamical Jahn—Teller Effect in Localized Systems, Yu. E. Perlin and M. Wagner, eds., North-Holland, Amsterdam (1984), p. 347.
K. A. Kikoin and V. N. Flerov, Transition Metal Impurities in Semiconductors, World Scientific, 1994.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaplan, M.D., Vekhter, B.G. (1995). The Jahn—Teller Effect. In: Cooperative Phenomena in Jahn—Teller Crystals. Modern Inorganic Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1859-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1859-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5755-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1859-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive