Abstract
Most Chinese children know this story and, like Li, they know that effort and hard work are important if one to achieve anything.
Li Bai, a great poet in Tang Dynasty, was said to be lazy in studying when he was young. One day, when he was playing at a riverbank, he saw an old woman rubbing a metal rod against the rocks. Li was curious and asked the woman what she was doing. The old woman explained that she wanted to make a needle out of the metal rod. Li looked at the woman with dis-believing eyes. The old woman explained that “If you are hard-working and persevering enough, a metal rod can be made into a needle.” Li was inspired. From that day on, he studied very hard and became one of the greatest poets in Chinese history.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barker, G. P., & Graham, S. (1987). Developmental study of praise and blame as attributional cues. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 62–66.
Biggs, J. B. (1992). Why and how do Hong Kong students learn? Using the learning and study process questionnaires. Education Paper 14, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality and development. PA: Psychology Press.
Dweck, C. S., & Elliott, E. S. (1983). Achievement motivation. In P. Mussen and E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 643–692). New York: Wiley.
Dweck, C. S., & Henderson, V. L. (1988). Theories of intelligence: Background and measures. Unpublished manuscript.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256–273.
Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 267–285.
Hau, T., & Salili, F. (1990). Examination result attribution, expectancy and achievement goals among Chinese students in Hong Kong. Educational Studies, 16, 17–31.
Hess, R. D., Chang, C. M., & McDevitt, T. M. (1987). Cultural variations in family beliefs about children’s performance in mathematics: Comparisons among People’s Republic of China, Chinese-American, and Caucasian-American Families. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 179–188.
Hong, Y., & Lam, D. J. (1992). Appraisal, coping, and guilt as correlates of test anxiety. In K. A. Hagtvet (Ed.), Advances in test anxiety research (Vol. 7, pp. 277–287). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.
Hong, Y., Chiu, C., Dweck, C. S., Lin, D. M., Wan, W. (1999). Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: A meaning system approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 588–599.
Kun, A. (1977). Development of the magnitude-covariation and compensation schemata in ability and effort attributions of performance. Child Development, 48, 862–873.
Leggett, E. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1986). Individual differences in goals and inference rules: Sources of causal judgments. Unpublished manuscript.
Nicholls, J. G. (1978). The development of the concepts of effort and ability, perception of academic attainment, and the understanding that difficult tasks require more ability. Child Development, 49, 800–814.
Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Salili, F., & Hau, T. (1994). The effect of teachers’ evaluative feedback on Chinese students’ perception of ability: A cultural and situational analysis. Educational Studies, 20, 223–236.
Salili, F., & Mak, P. H. T. (1988). Subjective meaning of success in high and low achievers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 125–138.
Sorich, L., & Dweck, C. S. (in press). Mastery-oriented thinking. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stevenson, H. W. & Lee, S. Y. (1990). Contexts of achievement: A study of American, Chinese, and Japanese children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 55, 1–116.
Stevenson, H. W., & Stigler, J. W. (1992). The learning gap. New York: Summit.
Stevenson, H. W., Stigler, J., Lee, S., Lucker, G., Kitamura, S., & Hsu, C. (1985). Cognitive performance and academic achievement of Japanese, Chinese, and American children. Child Development, 56, 718–734.
Stipek, D. J., & Gralinski, H. (1996). Children’s beliefs about intelligence and school performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 397–407.
Surber, C. F. (1984). Inferences of ability and effort: Evidence for two different processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 249–268.
Tao, V., & Hong, Y. (in press). A meaning system approach to Chinese students’ achievement goals. Journal of Psychology in the Chinese Societies.
Yang, K. S. (1986). Chinese personality and its change. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hong, Yy. (2001). Chinese Students’ and Teachers’ Inferences of Effort and Ability. In: Salili, F., Chiu, C.Y., Hong, Y.Y. (eds) Student Motivation. Plenum Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1273-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1273-8_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5472-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1273-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive