Abstract
Relative Time Period: The oldest unambiguous cultural tradition in the Americas, it precedes the Late Paleoindian and all subsequent traditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Suggested Readings
Anderson, D. G., and K. Sassman, ed. (1996). Paleoindian and Early Archaic in the Southeast. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Bonnichsen, R., and K. Turnmire, ed. (1991). Clovis Origins and Adaptations. Corvalis: Center for the Study of the First Americans.
Dancey, W. S., ed. (1994). The First Discovery of America. Columbus: Ohio Archaeological Council.
Dillehay T., and D. Meltzer, ed. (1991). The First Americans: Search and Research. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Montet-White, A., and S. Holen, ed. (1991). Raw Material Economies among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers. University of Kansas Press Publications in Anthropology, Lawrence: no. 19.
Soffer, O., and N. D. Praslov, ed. (1993). From Kostenki to Clovis. New York: Plenum.
Stanford, D., and J. Day, ed. (1992). Ice Age Hunters of the Rockies.Denver: Denver Museum of Natural History.
Straus, L., B. Eriksen, J. Erlandson, and D. Yesner, ed. (1996).Humans at the End of the Ice Age: Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition. New York: Plenum.
Tankersley, K. B., and B. L. Isaac, ed. (1990). Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America. Research in Economic Anthropology, suppl. 5. Greenwich: JAI Press.
References
Bradley, Bruce A. (1991). “Lithic Technology.” In Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, ed. G. C. Frison, New York: Academic Press,289–326.
Canby, Thomas Y. (1979). “The Search for the First Americans.”National Geographic 156: 330–363.
Frison, George C. (1991). “The Clovis Cultural Complex: New Data from Caches of Flaked Stone and Worked Bone Artifacts.” In Raw Material Economies among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, ed. A.Montet-White and S. Holen. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press,Publications in Anthropology, no. 19, 321–334.
Frison, George C. and George Zeimens (1980). “Bone Projectile Points: An Addition to the Folsom Culture Complex.” American Antiquity 45: 231–237.
Graham, Russell W., and Ernest L. Lundelius (1984). “Coevolutionary Disequilibrium and Pleistocene Extinctions.” In Quaternary Extinc-tions’. A Prehistoric Revolution, ed. P. S. Martin and R. G. Kline. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 223–249.
Graham, Russell W., and Jim I. Mead (1987). “Environmental Fluctuations and Evolution of Mammalian Faunas during the Last Deglaciation in North America.” In North America and Adjacent Oceans during the Last Deglaciation, ed. W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright. The Geology of North America, vol. 3. Boulder: Geological Society of America, 371–402.
Grayson, Donald K. (1987). “An Analysis of the Chronology of Late Pleistocene Mammalian Extinctions in North America.” Quaternary Research 28: 281–289.
Guilday, John E. (1982). “Appalachia 11,000–12,000 Years Ago”: A Biological Review. Archaeology of Eastern North America 10: 22–26.
Haynes, C. Vance (1972). “Stratigraphic Investigations at the Williamson Site, Dinwiddie County, Virginia.” The Chesopiean 10: 107–114.
Haynes, C. Vance (1982). “Were Clovis Progenitors in Beringia?” In Paleoecology of Beringia, ed. D. M. Hopkins, J. V. Matthews, C. E. Schweger, and S. B. Young. New York: Academic Press.
Jacobson, George L., and Eric C. Grimm (1988). “Synchrony of Rapid Change in Late-Glacial Vegetation South of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.” In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, ed. R. Laub, N. Miller, and D. Steadman. Buffalo: Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 31–38.
Jacobson, George L., Thompson Webb, and Eric C. Grimm (1987). “Patterns and Rates of Vegetation Change during the Deglaciation of Eastern North America.” In North America and Adjacent Oceans during the Last Deglaciation, ed. W. Ruddiman and H. Wright. Boulder: Geological Society of America, 277–288.
Lundelius, Ernest L., Russell W. Graham, Ellaine Anderson, John Guilday, J. Alan Holman, David W. Steadman, and S. David Webb (1983). “Terrestrial Vertebrate Faunas.” In Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, vol. 1: The Pleistocene, ed. S. C. Porter. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 311–354.
Mehringer, Peter J. (1988). “Weapons Cache of Ancient Americans.” National Geographic 174: 4: 500–503.
Sanders, Thomas N. (1990). Adams: The Manufacturing of Flaked Stone Tools at a Paleoindian Site in Western Kentucky. Buffalo: Persimmon Press.
Semken, Holmes A. (1988). “Environmental Interpretations of the “Disharmonious” Late Wisconsinan Biome of Southeastern North America.” In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, ed. R. Laub, N. Miller, and D. Steadman. Buffalo: Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 185–194.
Smith, Edward E., (1990). “Paleoindian Economy and Settlement Patterns in the Wyandotte Chert Source Area, Unglaciated Southcentral Indiana.” In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, ed. K. B. Tankersley and B. L. Isaac. Research in Economic Anthropology, suppl. 5. Greenwich: JAI Press, 217–258.
Speth, John D., and Katherine A. Spielmann (1983). “Energy Source, Protein Metabolism, and Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Strategies.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 1–31.
Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1990). “Late Pleistocene Lithic Exploitation in the Midwest and Midsouth: Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky.” In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, ed. K. B. Tankersley and B. L. Isaac. Research in Economic Anthropology, suppl. 5. Greenwich: JAI Press, 259–299.
Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1991). “A Geoarchaeological Investigation of Distribution and Exchange in the Raw Material Economies of Clovis Groups in Eastern North America.” In Raw Material Economies among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, ed. A. Montet-White and S. Holen. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press Publications in Anthropology, no. 19, 285–304.
Webb, Thompson (1988). “Eastern North America.” In Vegetation History, ed. B. Huntley and T. Webb. New York: Kluwer Academic,383–414.
West, Frederick Hadleigh (1983). “The Antiquity of Man in America.”In Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, vol. 2: The Holocene, ed. H. E. Wright. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 364–382.
Whitehead, Donald R., Stephen T. Jackson, Mark C. Sheenan, and Barbara W. Leyden (1982). “Late Glacial Vegetation Associated with Caribou and Mastodon in Central Indiana.” Quaternary Research 17: 241–257.
Wright, H. E. (1991). “Environmental Conditions for Paleoindian Immigration.” In The First Americans: Search and Research, ed.T. D. Dillehay and D. J. Meltzer. Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc.,113–135.
References
Didier, M. E. (1975). “The Argillite Problem Revisited: An Archaeo- logical and Geological Approach to a Classical Archaeological Problem.” Archaeology of Eastern North America 3: 90–101.
Gramly, R. M. (1988). “Palaeo-Indian Sites South of Lake Ontario, Western and Central New York State.” In Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, ed. R. Laub, N. Miller, and D. Steadman. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 33: 265–280.
Holland, J. (1994). Arc Site (MDA 17-4) Genesee County, New York Artifact Inventory: Stanley Vanderlaan Collection. Holland Lithic Laboratory, Buffalo: Buffalo Museum of Science.
Laub, R. S. (1994). “The Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western New York State.” In Great Lakes Archaeology and Paleoecology, ed. R. I. MacDonald. Waterloo: Quaternary Sciences Institute, 155– 168.
Schindler, D. L., J. W. Hatch, C. A. Hay, and R. C. Bradt (1982). “Aboriginal Thermal Alteration of a Central Pennsylvania Jasper: Analytical and Behavioral Implications.” American Antiquity 47: 526–544.
Smith, E. E. (1990). “Paleoindian Economy and Settlement Patterns in the Wyandotte Chert Source Area, Unglaciated Southcentral Indiana.” In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, ed. K. Tankersley and B. Isaac. Research in Economic Anthropo- logy, suppl. 5. Greenwich: JAI Press, 217–258.
Stout, Wilbur, and R. A. Schoenlaub (1945). The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. Columbus: Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
Tankersley, K. B. (1995). Seasonality of Stone Procurement: An Early Paleoindian Example in Northwestern New York State.” North American Archaeologist 16: 1–16.
Tankersley, K. B., S. Vanderlaan, J. D. Holland, and S. Bland (1997). “Geochronology of the Arc Site: A Paleoindian Habitation in the Great Lakes Region.” Archaeology of Eastern North America 25: 31–14.
Vanderlaan, Stanley (1986). “The Arc Site.” The Iroquoian 12: 64–73.
References
Hajic, E. R. (1990). “Late Pleistocene and Holocene Landscape Evolution, Depositional Subsystems, and Stratigraphy in the Lower Illinois River Valley and Adjacent Central Mississippi River Valley.” Ph.D. diss.. Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana.
McKay, E. D. (1977). “Stratigraphy and Zonation of Wisconsinan Loesses in Southwestern Illinois.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Geology, University of Illinois.
Morrow, J. E. (1995). “Clovis Projectile Point Manufacture: A Perspective from the Ready/Lincoln Hills Site, Jersey County, Illinois.” Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20: 167–191.
Morrow, J. E. (1996). “The Organization of Early Paleoindian Lithic Technology in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis.
Tankersley, K. B. (1991). “A Geoarchaeological Investigation of Distribution and Exchange in the Raw Material Economies of Clovis Groups in Eastern North America.” In Raw Material Economies among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, ed. A. Montet-White and S. Holen. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press Publications in Anthropology, no. 19, 285–304.
Tankersley, K. B. (1995). “Paleoindian Contexts and Artifact Distribution Patterns at the Bostrom Site, St. Clair County, Illinois.” Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20: 40–61.
Tankersley, K. B., and J. E. Morrow (1993). “Clovis Procurement and Land-Use Patterns in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois River Valleys.” In Highways to the Past, ed. T. Emerson, A. Fortier, and D. McElrath. Champaign: Illinois Archaeological Survey, 119–129.
Tankersley, K. B., B. Koldehoff, and E. Hajic (1993). “The Bostrom Site: A Paleo-Indian Habitation in Southwestern Illinois.” North American Archaeologist 14: 43–70.
References
Freeman, A. K. L., E. E. Smith, and K. B. Tankersley (1996). “A Stone’s Throw from Kimmswick: Clovis Period Research in Kentucky.” In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, ed. D. Anderson and K.Sassaman. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 385–403.
Gramly, R. M., and G. Summers (1986). “Nobles Pond: A Fluted Point Site in Northeastern Ohio.” Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 11: 97–124.
Lepper, B. T. (1986). “Early Paleo-Indian Land Use Patterns in the Central Muskingum River Basin, Coshocton County, Ohio.” Ph.D.diss. Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus.
Prufer, O. H., and N. L. Wright (1970). “The Welling Site (33Co2): A Fluted Point Workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio.” Ohio Archaeologist 20: 249–268.
Sanders, T. N. (1990). Adams: The Manufacturing of Flaked Stone Tools at a Paleoindian Site in Western Kentucky. Buffalo: Persimmon Press.
Seeman, M. (1994). “Intercluster Lithic Patterning at Nobles Pond: A Case for “Disembedded” Procurement among Early Paleoindian Societies.” American Antiquity 59: 273–288.
Smith, E. E., and A. K. L. Freeman (1991). “The Archaeological Investigation of a Series of Early Paleoindian (Clovis) Sites in the Little River Region of Christian County, Kentucky.” Current esearch in the Pleistocene 8: 41–43.
Tankersley, K. B. (1989). “A Close Look at the Big Picture: Early Paleoindian Lithic Procurement in the Midwestern United States.”In Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, ed. C. Ellis and J. Lathrop.Boulder: Westview Press, 259–292.
Tankersley, K. B. (1995). “Seasonality of Stone Procurement: An Early Paleoindian Example in Northwestern New York State.”North American Archaeologist 16: 1–16.
Wray, C. F. (1948). “Variety and Sources of Flint Found in New York.” Pennsylvanian Archaeologist 18: 25–45.
References
Haynes, C. V. (1991). “Geoarchaeological and Paleohydrological Evidence for a Clovis-Age Drought in North America and Its Bearing on Extinction.” Quaternary Research 35: 438–450.
Laub, R. S. (1990). “The Hiscock Site (Western New York): Recent Developments of Pleistocene and Early Holocene Interest.” Current Research in the Pleistocene 7: 116–118.
Laub, R. S. (1994). “The Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western New York State.” In Great Lakes Archaeology and Paleoecology, ed. by R. I. MacDonald. Waterloo: Quaternary Sciences Institute, 155–168.
Laub, Richard S., Mary F. DeRemer, and Catherine A. Dufort (1988). “The Hiscock Site: A Rich Late Quaternary Locality in Western New York State.” In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, ed. R. Laub, N. Miller, and D. Steadman. Buffalo: Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 67–81.
Laub, Richard S., Catherine A. Dufort, and Donna J. Christensen (1994). “Possible Mastodon Gastrointestinal and Fecal Contents from the Late Pleistocene of the Hiscock Site, Western New York State.” New York State Museum Bulletin 481: 135–148.
Miller, Norton G. (1988). “The Late Quaternary Hiscock Site, Genesee County, New York.” In Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, ed. R. Laub, N. Miller, and D. Steadman. Buffalo: Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 89–93.
Spiess, A. E., and D. B. Wilson (1987). Michaud: A Paleoindian Site in the New England-Maritimes Region. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology, no. 6. Agusta: Maine Historic Preservation Commission and The Maine Archaeological Society Inc.
Steadman, D. W. (1988). “Vertebrates from the Late Quaternary of the Hiscock Site: Genesee County, New York.” In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, ed. R. Laub, N. Miller, and D. Steadman. Buffalo: Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 95–113.
References
Graham, R. W., and M. Kay (1988). “Taphonomic Comparisons of Cultural and Noncultural Faunal Deposits at the Kimmswick and Barnhart Sites, Jefferson County, Missouri.” In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, ed. R. Laub, N. Miller, and D. Steadman. Buffalo: Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 227–240.
Graham, R. W., C. V. Haynes, D. L. Johnson, and M. Kay (1981). “Kimmswick: A Clovis-Mastodon Association in Eastern Missouri.” Science 213: 1115–1117.
McMillan, R. B. (1975). “The Pomme de Terre Study Locality: Its Setting.” In Prehistoric Man and His Environments: A Case Study in the Ozark Highland, ed. W. Wood and R. McMillan. New York: Academic Press, 13–46.
Morrow, J. E. (1996). “The Organization of Early Paleoindian Lithic Technology in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis.
Tankersley, K. B., and J. E. Morrow (1993). “Clovis Procurement and Land-Use Patterns in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois River Valleys.” In Highways to the Past, ed. T. Emerson, A. Fortier, and D. McElrath. Chmpaign: Illinois Archaeological Survey, 119–129.
References
Bradley, B. A. (1991). “Lithic Technology.” In Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, ed. G. C. Frison. New York: Academic Press, 289–326.
Bradley, B. A. (1993). “Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains.” In From Kostenki to Clovis: Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian Adaptations, ed. O. Soffer and N. D. Praslov. New York: Plenum, 251–262.
Frison, G. C. (1991). “The Clovis Cultural Complex: New Data from Caches of Flaked Stone and Worked Bone Artifacts.” In Raw Material Economies among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, ed. A. Montet-White and S. Holen. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press Publications in Anthropology, no. 19, 321–334.
Hajic, E. R. (1991). Quaternary Deposits and Landforms, Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois Rivers, Missouri and Illinois: Terraces and Terrace Problems. Guidebook for the 38th field conference of the Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene. Urbana-Champaign: Department of Geology, University of Illinois and Illinois Geological Survey.
Meyers, J. T. (1970). Chert Resources in the Lower Illinois Valley. Reports of Investigations, no. 18. Springfield: Illinois State Museum.
Morrow, J. E. (1995). “Clovis Projectile Point Manufacture: A Perspective from the Ready/Lincoln Hills Site, Jersey County, Illinois.” Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20: 167–191.
Morrow, J. E. (1996). “The Organization of Early Paleoindian Lithic Technology in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers.” Ph.D. diss, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis.
Tankersley, K. B., and J. E. Morrow (1993). “Clovis Procurement and Land-Use Patterns in the Confluence Region of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois River Valleys.” In Highways to the Past, ed. T. Emerson, A. Fortier, and D. McElrath. Champaign: Illinois Archaeological Survey, 119–129.
References
Frison, George C. (1988). “The Powars II Site, 48PL33O.” In Guidebook to the Archaeological Geology of the Colorado Piedmont and High Plains of Southeastern Wyoming, ed. V. T. Holliday. Boulder: Geological Society of America, 23–24.
Miller, James C. (1991). “Lithic Resources.” In Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, ed. G. C. Frison. New York: Academic Press, 449–476.
Stafford, Michael D. (1990). “The Powars II Site (48PL33O): A Paleoindian Red Ocher Mine in Eastern Wyoming.” M. A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
Tankersley, K. B., Kevin Tankersley, Nelson Shaffer, Marc Hess, John Benz, Rudolf Turner, Michael Stafford, George Zeimens, and George Frison (1995). “They Have a Rock That Bleeds: Sunrise Red Ochre and Its Early Paleoindian Occurrence at the Hell Gap Site, Wyoming.” Plains Anthropologist 40: 185–195.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tankersley, K.B. (2001). Early Paleoindian. In: Peregrine, P.N., Ember, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0523-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0523-5_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46260-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0523-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive