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The Active Female pp 33–60Cite as

Considerations of Sex Differences in Musculoskeletal Anatomy

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Abstract

The musculoskeletal anatomy of women and men is grossly similar yet individually distinctive. Sexual dimorphism in the human musculoskeletal system is apparent, but more subtle than in other species. Some musculoskeletal sex differences in humans are present at an early age, while others tend to appear later in life. Sex differences in gross skeletal geometry and specific tissue characteristics are common. Women tend to have different characteristics of specific bones and bony features than men which have been explained by both genetic and environmental factors. Women and men appear to have several differences in collagenous, cartilage, and bone tissues, which may predispose women to certain pathologies such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis later in life. Sexual dimorphism can manifest itself in specific differences in each joint throughout the body, possibly resulting in sex differences in clinical pathology and symptomology such as differences in shoulder impingement; laxity and idiopathic capsulitis; elbow tendinosis; carpal tunnel syndrome; hip fracture and labral tears; anterior cruciate ligament injuries; ankle sprains and Achilles tendinopathy; cervical spine macrotrauma; thoracolumbar postural changes including kyphosis, lordosis, and/or scoliosis; and sacroiliac joint conditions. Consideration of the sex differences in musculoskeletal anatomy is important for both the general public and health care professionals in order to provide a basis for understanding normal and abnormal conditions that may exist. Moreover, a thorough appreciation that men and women have differences in musculoskeletal anatomy may help in the understanding that they have distinctive health care needs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SCD Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Phillip S. Sizer P.T., Ph.D., O.C.S., F.A.A.O.M.T.

  2. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 6223, Lubbock, TX, 79430-6223, USA

    C. Roger James Ph.D., F.A.C.S.M.

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  1. Phillip S. Sizer P.T., Ph.D., O.C.S., F.A.A.O.M.T.
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  2. C. Roger James Ph.D., F.A.C.S.M.
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Correspondence to Phillip S. Sizer P.T., Ph.D., O.C.S., F.A.A.O.M.T. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb Ph.D., F.A.C.S.M., A.C.S.M., P.D. (Professor of Exercise Physiology) (Professor of Exercise Physiology)

  2. Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Reid L. Norman Ph.D. (Professor and Chair) (Professor and Chair)

  3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Mimi Zumwalt M.D. (Associate Professor Head of Sports Medicine) (Associate Professor Head of Sports Medicine)

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Sizer, P.S., James, C.R. (2014). Considerations of Sex Differences in Musculoskeletal Anatomy. In: Robert-McComb, J.J., Norman, R.L., Zumwalt, M. (eds) The Active Female. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8884-2_3

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