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Parasitic Antenna Arrays for Wireless MIMO Systems pp 197–236Cite as

Multiple-Active Multiple-Passive Antenna Systems and Applications

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on extensions and foreseen applications of the parasitic antenna array technology. Moving beyond the single-active (single-RF) communication setup, hitherto discussed in the previous chapters, the work in this chapter extends the analysis to generalized multiple-active multiple-passive (MAMP) antenna topologies, as explained in Sect. 8.1. Then, Sect. 8.2 proposes MAMP antenna structures with application to reconfigurable MIMO transmission in the presence of antenna mutual coupling under poor scattering channel conditions. For this purpose, the section presents an adaptive MAMP antenna system capable of changing its transmission parameters via passive radiators attached to tunable loads, according to the structure of the RF propagation channel. The hybrid MAMP array structure can be tractably analyzed using the active element response vector (instead of the classical steering vector) and the active element current vector (all being functions of the variable loading). The adaptive MAMP system targets at maximizing tight MIMO ergodic and outage rate bounds, relying on partial channel knowledge when tuning to a different loading state for optimizing the rate of communication. The proposed adaptive MAMP system can be limited to practical dimensions whereas the passive antennas require no extra RF hardware, thus meeting the cost, space, and power constrains of the users’ mobile terminals. The simulation results show that the adaptive MAMP system, thanks to its “adaptivity”, is able to achieve satisfactory performance even in poor scattering environments whereas a significant part of the mutual information that is lost owing to the spatial correlation and the electromagnetic coupling is successfully retrieved. Section 8.3 extends our communication scenario to account for multiuser diversity systems, describing novel parasitic antenna-assisted switched beam array architectures for enhanced selection combining with application to the downlink of cellular systems exploiting multiuser diversity. Specifically, this section deals with the problem of the poor performance of antenna selection for compact user terminals in multiuser diversity systems. Although antenna selection is a simple and efficient technique for enhancing the downlink performance of multiuser diversity systems, the large antenna inter-element spacing required for achieving spatial diversity is prohibitive for user terminals due to size restrictions. In order to allay this problem, miniaturized switched-beam MAMP receiver designs assisted by low-cost passive reflectors are proposed. Unlike conventional spatial receive diversity systems, the proposed angular diversity architectures occupy a small volume, whereas the antenna system properties are optimized by controlling the strong reactive fields present at small dimensions. The systems are designed for maximum antenna efficiency and low inter-beam correlation, thus yielding K practically uncorrelated receive diversity branches. The simulation results show that the proposed enhanced diversity combining systems improve the average throughput of a multiuser network outperforming classical antenna selection especially for small user populations and compact user terminal size.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Z is the impedance matrix obtained when terminating the ports with the standard terminations (generally 50 Ohm terminations).

  2. 2.

    Other factors include the mutual interference among the parallel RF chains as well as the near-field losses raised by the user’s hand and head.

  3. 3.

    In the literature, A T is known as the signal covariance matrix, which need not be diagonal when applying baseband linear precoding across the transmit active antennas. In this work, A T is only optionally used for further optimizing the power distribution across the active element responses. Notice that baseband linear precoding can be added on top of the proposed nonlinear precoder, but requires further channel knowledge and is beyond the scope of this work.

  4. 4.

    Also, it is easy to see that the upper bound in (8.14) can be used under both transmit and receive correlation/coupling, whereas the upper bound in (8.15) can be used with single-sided (i.e., only transmit or only receive) correlation/coupling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Antennas, Propagation and Radio Networking Section, Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, A6-2, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark

    Elpiniki Tsakalaki

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  1. Elpiniki Tsakalaki
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Correspondence to Elpiniki Tsakalaki .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Broadband Wireless & Sensor Networks (B-WiSE) Research Group, Athens Information Technology, Peania, Greece

    Antonis Kalis

  2. Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece

    Athanasios G. Kanatas

  3. Broadband Wireless & Sensor Networks (B-WiSE) Research Group, Athens Information Technology, Peania, Greece

    Constantinos B. Papadias

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Tsakalaki, E. (2014). Multiple-Active Multiple-Passive Antenna Systems and Applications. In: Kalis, A., Kanatas, A., Papadias, C. (eds) Parasitic Antenna Arrays for Wireless MIMO Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7999-4_8

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